Thursday, January 30, 2020
Tudors Paper Essay Example for Free
Tudors Paper Essay The English history would not be as it was colorful and interesting today had it not been for the two of the most important icons in the History of United Kingdom: King Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. Their personal life and their political strategies not to mention their contributions to English history is one of the most unparalleled in any time. The royal life had been transmuted to the world of political maneuvers, religious conflict and personal decisions. Henry VIII and Elizabeth I, were not just members of the same Tudor royal clan, more importantly both of them had shaped modern England today. Two leading biographers and historians Garrett Mattingly and Lacey Baldwin Smith, recalled the lives of two monarchs and wrote a biography, in a convention peculiar to their tastes. Other English royal biographers might have treated their works different from the styles of the two, but surely, Mattingly and Baldwin elevated the taste of biographical writing in another playing field. Henry VIII was born on June 28, 1491 from the Tudor family. Elizabeth I, his daughter was born September 7, 1533. Coming from the family of nobility of Welsch, the Tudors reunited the whole of England during their reign. However, their family’s contribution was overshadowed by scandal and impunity. Mackie and Clarendo(1990, p. 190), clearly view the Tudors as the royal family, headed by their predecessors were diplomats of their first rate. They have settled diplomatic relationship with their former enemies and made long lasting truce of peace. The evidence of which is the end of â€Å"War of the Roses†.  This view was kinder tone as a description of the House of Tudors. Historically speaking, during their reign, England made several important decisions for herself but actually personal preferences of her king. Yet, undeniably, the reign of the Tudors was full of their inclinations toward their interests that had strong impact to the national life, religion, system of politics and governance of the entire country. Tudors were not entirely viewed by Mackie, Mattingly, Smith and Garvin. All of them, while had distastes with the rule of each Tudor monarch, none of them actually condemned any sovereign. While Smith has strong words used to chronicle the life of Tudors, most especially King Henry, he left in his spaces room to be defended. In his book, â€Å"Henry VIII†he said: â€Å"For a king, do like a king; and when Henry learned that James V of Scotland besmirched the role of clean-fingered royalty with the filthy profits of sheep-raising, he warned that such actions cannot stand well with the honour of his estate, and that they would surely cause his subjects to mutter and mutiny. Henry instinctively knew that princes could survive the hatred of their subjects but never their scorn (1971, p. 43). Baldwin never saw Tudors, especially Henry the acclaim accorded to him by other historian-biographers. Henry VIII is the son of Henry VII, the latter being the first monarch in the House of Tudors. It was said that, Henry VIII lived a secluded life in the royal courthouses of the Tudors. He lived outside the confidence of his father’s privies and counselors. His growth as a monarch was characterized by his distinct personal convictions at the expense of his institutions. For instance, the divorce to Catherine of Aragon and the subsequent marriage to Ann Boleyn were the real reasons behind his defection to the Roman Pontiff’s authority. He asserted his royal right in his country and severed the Catholic Churches in England, outside the rule of the Papacy. But this is more personal than a stately decision. The refusal of the Pope to recognize his marital actions, lead him to justify himself and legalize his marital union to Ann Boleyn. However, this decision had made a positive impact to the religious life of the English. Since, the Church of England is under no authority except the king the Church of England was more open and flexible with in terms of changes and reformation the country has faced. Gavin (1935) had a subtle view, for her the plans of Henry VIII are more nationalistic impression than self-serving act. Gavin relates (p.25) that England is not yet prepared for a woman ruler. Henry VIII has to secure the throne for a male monarch who shall embody the entire nation. For Gavin, unlike Baldwin’s view, her stand on certain royal issues during the late medieval period was more defensive. Unlike Baldwin who used strong indicators of Henry VIII’s mistakes, but were only forborne by the results of his actions, Gavin and Smith had more defensive stance on King Henry’s action. To prove this point, Gavin made this chronicle: Catherine of Aragon, whom he had not chosen himself, failed him: one miscarriage or still-born child succeeded another, and in 1514, after five years of parental misfortune Henryor Wolseypetitioned Leo X to annul the marriage with his brothers wife which another pope had sanctioned, doubting the validity of his own dispensation. Then in 1516 came Mary, who was welcomed, not for her own sake, but as an earnest of the son to follow. No woman had yet reigned in England, and Henry VII had secured the throne, not only by ending a civil war, but by excluding from the throne his mother, from whom he derived whatever hereditary right he possessed. The expected heir never followed Mary, and by 1527 it was certain that Henry VIII would have no legitimate son so long as Catherine remained his wife. He ceased to cohabit, though not to live, with her from that date, and fell a victim to the one grand passion of his life. (p. 25 [italics and undersco re ours]). Note that, Gavin in this excerpt utilized the apologetic language she can use to defend the Tudor Monarch from criticisms. She openly defended the choice of Henry to secure a male heir, because no queen has lead England as sole sovereign. All of the previous queens were just consorts. The subtlety of Gavin as compared to being straightforward of Smith and Smith is evident in her last phrase, ‘victim to the one grand passion of his life’. This statement is but a magnification of her romantic conveyance of an act to justify the king’s directions to justify her marriage and to give religious validity to his separation to the Pope. On another light, Mattingly (1963) had picturesquely described the Tudors, so stately and assertively. Unlike Smith who openly gave emphatic characterization to the Tudors and King Henry, Mattingly gave the scenario with the comments unconsciously buried in the deep of his biography. For her implied diction, she described Elizabeth I, the Tudor, a wise-lady. In the work of Mattingly, Elizabeth I is a strategist than a military chief, a restorer of culture than procter of the land, a compromiser to advance her interest for England mutually than to lead a nation in war. Mattingly had this for a statement:  Elizabeth preferred to have the Spanish bear the burden. To the end, until Spanish guns were heard in the Channel, the English negotiators at Bourbourg were arguing desperately for the solution which seemed to the Queen no more than elementary common sense. Let the King offer his subjects a general amnesty, restore the ancient liberties of the Seventeen Provinces as they had been at the beginning of his fathers reign, and withdraw his troops except for garrisons in the frontier cities. In exchange, the rebellious provinces would return to their allegiance to their legitimate sovereign and declare the Roman Catholic faith the only established religion. Nothing need be said about the toleration of heretic sects (p. 7).  In her words, Elizabeth I,  was still female, she cannot lead a nation to war. But that took her to an advantage. She (Elizabeth) strategize her connections and empowered her military fortresses.            The defeat of the Spanish Armada, shocked the entire European kingdoms, the female virgin queen, who had no king consort had defeated the vast naval strength of the Spanish crown, Mattingly described it as Elizabeth’s opportunity to lead the entire England under her own spell, than to be subdued by a foreign king. The efforts and the achievement of Elizabeth I was seen by Mattingly, impliedly as usual courses in the history of her reign. Mattingly gave the comment that, though much celebrated, the defeat of the Spanish Armada should not be seen so heavily as Elizabeth’s legacy. For Mattingly, the defeat of the Spanish people had little or no greater impact to England’s solidarity as a people. Noticeably, unlike Smith or Gavin, Mattingly sees the perspective of common notions of other historians in a different, yet solid view. Note that in the last sentence of this statement, she was convincingly of the belief that Elizabeth’s actions, specifically the defeat of the Spanish Armada, in many ways futile. Mattingly said: It is probable, too, that the victory gave a lift to English morale. It may be that a good many Englishmen, like a good many other Europeans, though not like Elizabeths sea dogs, had doubted that the Spanish could ever be beaten. Now they knew that they could. The thoughtful and the well-informed understood, however, that England had not won a war, only the first battle in a war in which there might be many more battles. England was braced for the struggle. But to say that the defeat of the Spanish Armada led to a sudden outburst of buoyant, self confident patriotism is to read the interpretation of later centuries back into the past. One would search the records of the next two or three years in vain for any specific evidence in support of such a view (p.23)             Thus, it becomes clear that the leaning of Smith was somewhat skeptical if not negative in his narration to the achievement of the Tudors. More so, Smith’s view on King Henry’s creation of the Church of England was seen more personal than nationalistic. Gavin has taken a lighter view, for her, the Tudors and the reign of Henry VIII, needs no less than understanding. These choices made by the King while personal were to secure the succession of the throne and the safety of the English throne. She (Gavin) has taken a more benign stance. On the other hand, Mattingly gave Elizabeth the treatment she portrays. As a woman, she may not have the power to lead the army with dauntless acts but surely she will stage a strategic plan to advance her kingdom’s interests. Mattingly, may not openly be a feminist advocate but her treatment was also fair, yet opposed to the main projection of Elizabeth I, as the pomp, untouchable queen. The latter view of Mattingly is so laid-back compared to Carole Levin’s (1994) biographical notes on Elizabeth I. She (Levin) openly justified and even sees the reign of Elizabeth, as power struggle of sexes. For Levin the succession of Elizabeth I in the throne is but a clear, manifestation (perhaps the earliest) of the women’s role. During Elizabeth I time, women were subservient to their husbands, but Elizabeth not only transcended her personal tragedies but also penetrated through the norms of domestic views on women to a global and effective female leadership. Thus, her view is to support active gender roles, equality and sex issues. Her concern has a direct leaning, feminist point of view. Levin has this for a chronicle:   A central concern is how gender construction, role expectations, and beliefs about sexuality influenced both Elizabeth’s self-presentation and others perception of her. A crucial question this study examines is how such issues affected the methods of power used by a woman ruler as opposed to the traditional king. The way people regarded a queen and her use of power will also be valuable in answering more general questions about attitudes toward women during the English Renaissance (Levine, p.3).    The sensitivity of Levin to social constructs leads her to be the most gender sensitive of all.            Lastly, the epitaphs of these biographers will surely vary. For instance, Smith will describe Henry VIII, as â€Å"The Ruler, whose hands are not tied with anyone†. For his views truly reflect the strong will of King Henry to assert his own beliefs. Mattingly may use the lines â€Å"Here lieth a queen, who reign without fear†as Elizabeth I, epitapth. This is only apt for a queen who defied norms and social expectations. Perhaps it will be the same as Levin’s, â€Å"A Queen who outlived, outwit any Kings on earth†, she would strongly assert it for the same reasons. And lastly, Gavin, who is the most laid back of all of the biographers would name, King Henry’s tomb, engraved in gold, which reads: â€Å"A King who died, and believed his own mind and lived by it†¦Ã¢â‚¬            The history, intricacies, scandals of the English monarchy might be totally different from their counterparts in Asia or Middle East. Yet their weaknesses and their personal legends bespeaks of one thing: No person in this earth has walked so glorious to ascribe them the power that belongs to God’s.                                                                             SOURCES Smith, Baldwin L. (1971). This Realm of England. New York: Houghton-Mifflin Co, Vol. II Levin, Carole. (1994). The Heart and Stomach of a King: Elizabeth I and the Politics of Sex and Power. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press Mattingly, Garret, (1963). The Armada . USA: Cornell University Press Garvin, Katherine. (1935). The Great Tudors. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
Wednesday, January 22, 2020
From Communism to Democracy Essays -- Government Politics Essays
From Communism to Democracy More than half a decade has passed since the sweeping political events of 1989 and 1990 in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. On December 26, 1991, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ceased to exist . In its place are the Russian federation and 14 independent countries. The impact of this change was felt across the globe, from European countries with close economic ties with the USSR to countries as far away as Cuba and Algeria. The former republics experienced the hardest time in their existence, and entered a new period of their history. Independence meant a new life for people, but not many of them expected the results. At the time sovereignty was not clearly stated, and nobody could predict what ramifications would follow. The inhabitants of the region have had to balance the positive and negative aspects of the change. Most countries were left with nothing, and they had to start everything from the very beginning. As Shor in Nations in Transit stated, for many, democracy, freedom of association, and the removal of the Soviet bureaucracy have had a positive impact. But economic uncertainty, hunger, and poverty also increased. The former republics struggle to maintain the value of the money and a decent level of life for the citizens, but the attempt to do so is failing. Many branches of the new economy are still socialized, and reforms are necessary to fulfill a change. People think that a change from communism to democracy should bring a better life, but in reality those countries suffer a period of stagnation. There are many causes for such a situation, which are revealed in different aspects of life and history. The principles of communism p... ...nge, than the reality of raw political power. Economic and democratic reforms are complementary and heavily correlated. Countries with consolidated market economies, guided by the rule of law also made progress in consolidating their transition to democracy. A transition from Communism to Democracy means more freedoms and choices, but it also needs time. Political and economic freedom means more predictable, more transparent, more constitutional, less discriminatory, and less corruption-prone lawmaking and enforcement. An authorian government can hardly engage in economic reforms, or undergo a transition to liberal democracy, without simultaneously undergoing free market economic reforms. Author: Valentin Antoci (ed_valentine@hotmail.com) February 1999 Reproduction of the Text without the author's permition is considered plagiarism and is punishable by law. From Communism to Democracy Essays -- Government Politics Essays From Communism to Democracy More than half a decade has passed since the sweeping political events of 1989 and 1990 in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. On December 26, 1991, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ceased to exist . In its place are the Russian federation and 14 independent countries. The impact of this change was felt across the globe, from European countries with close economic ties with the USSR to countries as far away as Cuba and Algeria. The former republics experienced the hardest time in their existence, and entered a new period of their history. Independence meant a new life for people, but not many of them expected the results. At the time sovereignty was not clearly stated, and nobody could predict what ramifications would follow. The inhabitants of the region have had to balance the positive and negative aspects of the change. Most countries were left with nothing, and they had to start everything from the very beginning. As Shor in Nations in Transit stated, for many, democracy, freedom of association, and the removal of the Soviet bureaucracy have had a positive impact. But economic uncertainty, hunger, and poverty also increased. The former republics struggle to maintain the value of the money and a decent level of life for the citizens, but the attempt to do so is failing. Many branches of the new economy are still socialized, and reforms are necessary to fulfill a change. People think that a change from communism to democracy should bring a better life, but in reality those countries suffer a period of stagnation. There are many causes for such a situation, which are revealed in different aspects of life and history. The principles of communism p... ...nge, than the reality of raw political power. Economic and democratic reforms are complementary and heavily correlated. Countries with consolidated market economies, guided by the rule of law also made progress in consolidating their transition to democracy. A transition from Communism to Democracy means more freedoms and choices, but it also needs time. Political and economic freedom means more predictable, more transparent, more constitutional, less discriminatory, and less corruption-prone lawmaking and enforcement. An authorian government can hardly engage in economic reforms, or undergo a transition to liberal democracy, without simultaneously undergoing free market economic reforms. Author: Valentin Antoci (ed_valentine@hotmail.com) February 1999 Reproduction of the Text without the author's permition is considered plagiarism and is punishable by law.
Tuesday, January 14, 2020
America’s Craving for Desire
Matt Thompson Basic Composition 355:100: G6 Final Draft Paper #5 12/1/10 America’s Craving for Desire The great American author Napoleon Hill once said, â€Å"Desire is the starting point of all achievement, not a hope, not a wish, but a keen pulsating desire which transcends everything. †Hill presents the idea that these desires become the foundation, which in turn creates a power that is superior to the standard. America as a whole has the desire to be better than every other country, even if the consequences are unknown.Americans believe our way of living has put the country above the rest, for our advancements are much greater than the rest. Barbara Kingsolver in â€Å"A Fist in the Eye of God,†explores the theory that America wants to be presented to the world with a positive image, by advancing in every aspect there is to grow in. Kingsolver explains that evolution is the â€Å"greatest show on earth†, as long as the new procedures and advancements are for the common good. Kingsolver argues that ethics should be just as a part of the application and uses of technology as profit.However, Americans also has the desire to stick with what has been practiced for decades. Jack Hitt in â€Å"Dinosaur Dreams: Reading the Bones of America’s Psychic Mascot,†expresses the idea that the Americans’ ambition to seek for supremacy has created the image of the tyrannosaurus rex, due to its dominant stature which represents America. Hitt argues that the image of the tyrannosaurus rex should not be altered because it has been around for generations and in turn has made America into what it is today.The desire to be the best is what creates the almighty ego of America. American exceptionalism, the idea that America is an invincible superpower, dismisses long-term consequences in favor of short-term gain, to currently better the standard of living, which in turn reveals the true image that Americans wish to attain by lookin g at evolution as a way to gain supremacy. The visual representation of America has been created through the ambitions and desires of dominance that Americans have strived for, throughout the centuries. America has always had the desire to e the most efficient and potent country in the world, while other countries attempt to be like America.There is no country like America, for Americans are always one step ahead of the competition: â€Å"dinosaurs are distinctly American, not only because our scholars have so often been at the forefront of fossil discoveries and paleontological theory but because the popular dinosaur is a wholly owned projection of the nationalist psyche of the United States†(Hitt 128). Hitt notes that the tyrannosaurus rex was generated from Americans ambitions and how Americans wanted to see T. ex, for America had basically found most of these dinosaurs through archeological digs. In Hitt’s essay, countries like China tried to make new dinosaurs ba sed off of their own desires, but America quickly shot them down because the image did not accommodate what Americans wanted dinosaurs to be. Hitt explains that through Americans aspirations, America had used the T-rex to create the powerful country that it is today, making the T-rex our mascot. America may be a dominant country compared to other countries, but that does not mean that everything is done in everyone’s best interest.Kingsolver says, â€Å"But I only have to stand still for a minute and watch the outcome of thirty million years’ worth of hummingbird evolution transubstantiated before my eyes into nest and egg to get knocked down to size†(Kinsolver 213). Kingsolver presents the idea that America can get to the stature it wants to be by following the example of the hummingbird, as the hummingbird has done just fine by itself over the billions of years without technology. Kingsolver explains that America is efficient like a hummingbird, but ultimatel y gets to that desired efficiency through an unethical approach.America’s desires are achieved by profit, not by a careful and methodical approach to make American’s lives better. Many countries look down upon the power hungry country that America aspires to be, for almost everything that Americans have made has been through the advancements of technology. Kingsolver says that many products that make America efficient are banned in other countries, as the effects of the products are unknown. America has the image of a dominant and sometimes unethical nation, which has been created and developed by the visual ideas of Americans over time.The dreamers of America have a similar projection of what America should look like to the rest of the world, but each has different desires to make that projection relevant. The traditionalists of America wish to gain the reputation of the most powerful country by holding firm to the original beliefs and culture that America has created , while the evolutionists hope to show their power through the progression of technology and advancements. Progression is what makes the world go round because if the world doesn’t develop, many civilizations wouldn’t be here today.Kingsolver says that, â€Å"this is our new magic bullet: We can move single genes around in a genome to render a specific trait that nature can’t put there, such as ultrarapid growth or vitamin A in rice†(Kingsolver 209). Genetic engineering has allowed Americans to expand on their desires and make them the best, for things like Bt corn and Monsanto can be created through this process. Kingsolver explains that while many countries like to stick with tradition, America generally accepts the separation from tradition, in order to better themselves through technology.In turn, Americans believes that the evolution of technology, presents a positive image to the world and how everyone else strives to become like America. Unlike th e anti-traditional Americans in Kingsolver’s essay, the Americans described in Hitt’s essay, believe that tradition is the foundation that creates America’s power. Hitt says, â€Å"we eat dinosaurs and they eat us. We partake in their dinosaurness, they partake of our humanness†(Hitt 131). Hitt explains that through America’s aspirations, the dinosaur has become America and America has become the dinosaur, since America has followed and studied them more than any other country.America encourages the practice of learning about dinosaurs because it has uncovered the truth about America and our persistent selves. America has the desire to be the best and the tyrannosaurus rex, in the minds of the world, is the best for it is seen as a dominant creature to all. Hitt states that America is comfortable and content with the old image of the dinosaur, especially the tyrannosaurus rex because it is what the Americans before us believed it to be. If America were to progress forward with the new image, the unappealing image, the hummingbird, would be the new face of America and the more attractive image, the T. ex, would be left behind; creating confusion for the old image created the modern superpower of America. However, America must strive toward evolution and progression because staying with tradition would hinder America’s chance to become the stature that Americans desire. Once America’s ambitions of supremacy are fulfilled, America accepts the world as superficial, while losing sight of reality, leaving it never to be found. Americans realize that America is above the rest, so many naively think there is no need to change anything, for the power that has been desired, has been achieved.With this irrational thinking, there are long and short-term consequences that can affect us now and even the Americans after us, when many of us are long gone. Kingsolver says, â€Å"the potential human ills caused by ingestion of engineered foods remain an open category†(Kingsolver 210). Kingsolver explains that America ignores the consequences, as long as the technology and practices being used are beneficial to Americans needs and aspirations. These new foods, technology, etc. an end up harming Americans and foreign countries that get these distributions, because we don’t have enough research on these new inventions before each and every one of them is given out to the public. America can begin to lose touch with reality, as everything that is created around them is genetically engineered to fit the image of America’s desires, to make us more efficient. While there are consequences that can physically harm Americans, there are also consequences to American’s mentality. Hitt says, â€Å"These are all intriguing hypotheses, but the fossils do not give us enough evidence to test whether any of them are correct.The mystery remains unresolved†(Hitt 137). Hitt states that the images and thought processes of America become the norm when everyone sees things in the same way. Americans believe scientist, researches, etc. without the real knowledge of the subject because it is what has been practiced for centuries. For example, the tyrannosaurus rex was made to fit the bill of America’s brute strength, and in turn it became the mascot of America. America accepts the image of the tyrannosaurus rex because this practice of dinosaurs is what America wants to see.Hitt explains that the desires to see that tyrannosaurus rex as a powerful creature that represents America, leaves America with short and long term consequences. In Hitt’s essay, he shows that Americans become scientifically illiterate for man does not know the true facts about the world before him. Americans don’t dig deep enough in finding the real truth and in reality, only scratches the surface to find something that is appealing to them. Consequently, the real truths of the wo rld become lost over time.Through America’s exceptionalsim, their desires cause unintended repercussions that will soon expose America to the est of the world. Desires are an inclination to attain something that men and women want to achieve in his or her lifetime. Americans aspires to be the best and most powerful country in the nation, leaving the rest behind. America has its own image that it has created and how it is to be viewed by the nation. America creates this representation through the process of evolution and tradition. Through evolution, like genetic engineering, America makes advances through technology to make a higher standard for living, while the practice of tradition allows Americans to portray images in a way that is desired.While Americans accept the advancements that makes America the way that it is, there some short and long term consequences that can negatively affect America. Most of the consequences are unknown to Americans, for concise research was n ot done to many products given to Americans. Desires can bring many consequences, but in reality, many Americans would not be living if America did not aspire to be the best and raise our standard of technology.
Monday, January 6, 2020
Roles Of The Art Director In Film Film Studies Essay - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3077 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? ABSTRACT Art director is having one of the most important job in an film. Art direction can be similar to snowboarding or sky diving. The essence of the activity is mainly on the way in which ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s done. Art direction is an action figure in film making. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Roles Of The Art Director In Film Film Studies Essay" essay for you Create order The art director is the one who renders the script in visual metaphors, location , color schemes costumes hair style and make up. An art director is the one who draws us in to sinful lust. They will invigorate us. They will sleepless nights with a horror film and keep us laughing for days with a comedy film. This dissertation attempts to study the influence of art direction in 3D movies. It attempts to claim that art direction is very important and necessary in a film. Art director is an important post in live action films. An art director should have good creative and management skills.But when it comes to Cg films art director is not having much importance and movies like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"UPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is not having any art director. One of the most difficult problem the art director Rfaces is to put together everything and to make sure that it creates the mood contrast features and I appealing to the viewers. This study will attempt to make it simpler through a thorough understanding of art direction in animation INTRODUCTION The film we see today is a group work of many people. We cannot say any one is individually responsible for the success or failure of a film. We can say art direction plays a very important role in translating words in to screen. An art director is the one who is largely responsible for the look of the film. Art direction is helping in everything in the film including construction to ensure everything goes smoothly Art direction is a big part that helps the movie to get its identity. A normal movie will not be unforgettable to the viewer but great script and great production values and surely good art direction can make the movie unforgettable. There is a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"lookà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"feelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for every movie. But art direction only cannot make a bad movie great but great art direction can make a really good looking bad film. RESEARCH QUESTIONS The research questions that will be answered in this session Qualitative 1. What is art direction? 2. What are the different types of art direction? 3. How art directions influence movies in overall appearance? 4. What are the different style and steps to be applied in art direction? 5. How does a good art direction can change an animated film? AIM To study the role of art direction in 3D movies OBJECTIVES Methods of creating sets of popular art direction. Various styles in making an effective art direction Difference in the styles of art direction in 3D and live action. Difference in the style of art in different geners STATEMENT OF A PROBLEM At present animated movies doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t focus much on art direction. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY Art direction is one of the important part of every movie. At present the directors of animated movies even animated short film does in give much importance in short film. My study helps to understand about the importance of art direction in short film and thereby improving the quality of the short film LITERATURE REVIEW Art direction is an integral part in every movie. We have seen great looking movies that brought us the feel of the movie. Many artists do different works in a movie but art director unifies everything. In order to know more about art direction and art direction in animation a lot of books and articles has to be referred Books and articles The art direction handbook published on 2005. written by Michael rizzo: This book gives a detailed description of preproduction in a film. It also gives us information about responsibilities relations and setup and the techniques used in art direction. It involves all the duties of the direction from postproduction to pre-production The education an art director published on 2006 edited by Steven Heller: this book answers many questions like can art direction be taught? Can anyone be art director? Are all directors alike? Is an art director an editor? Is art direction design? And similar things. The art of the lion king written by Christopher finch: this book has the sketches used in the movie lion king and also some of the details of art direction in the movie which will help to analyse art direction with the help of a movie example The film makers guide to production design published on 2002 written by Vincent Lobrutto: this book mentions about production design and visualisation of a screenplay. It is having information about design metaphors, research and information about colours and texture. Its also having information about everything in the film like budget pre-production and post-production Websites About art direction in a film (https://www.ehow.com/about_4571288_art-direction-film.html) Accessed on 27 -09-2009: this website give the basic information of art directions and the significance functions and importance of art direction Art director- film makers guide( https://www.wildsound-filmmaking-feedback-events.com/art_director.html) ) Accessed on 27 -09-2009: this websites has information about the duties of an art director. It also have information about character design set design and props design. Art direction in movies(https://www.ehow.com/video_4990616_art-direction-movies.html) Accessed on 27 -09-2009: This is a video in which tells more about what is art direction and the role of art direction in movies. Art direction v/s cinematography v/s film editing(https://recomparison.com/comparisons/100963/art-direction-vs-cinematography-vs-film-editing-who-does-what/) Accessed on 27 -09-2009: this site gives the difference between art direction cinematography and film editing. It also tells about purpose of everything RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The dissertation is that of qualitative and quantitative in the study of the topic à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“importance of art direction in 3D animationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? This research will include book, web pages and secondary information. This research will explore about the entire details of art direction Different methods of creating art direction will be explored which will helps to learn more about different styles so that the best for animation can be selected from those  Various stages in making effective art direction sequence is studied thoroughly to get a through knowledge of the process of art direction Difference between the styles of art direction in live and 3D animation is studied and also between the different genres. This will give an in depth knowledge of art direction A survey will also be conducted about the reasons of liking a 3D movie and the reasons and also about the influence of colours in the film Scope This study will help to apply art direction in animation movies in an effective way which can dramatically improve the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"lookà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"feelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of the movie and thereby dramatically improve the quality of the movie. Limitations This study is limited to 3D animation only and this topic is not studied much before so availability of books and articles is much less Sampling Judgement sampling is used for my survey because the topic is technical and people who knows about art direction can only give sufficient amount of information ART DIRECTION-A BRIEF HISTORY All production designers are art directors, and formerly, there were noproduction designers at all there were only art directors. In earliest filmmemory, the first creative moviemaker to be given the title of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“art directorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?was Wilfred Buckland à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“By 1916 when Photoplay (magazine)commented on the rise of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"artistic executive or art director,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ WilfredBuckland had already been working for Cecile B. de Mille and Paramountsince 1914 and would continue to 1927.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?2Previously, he had designed Broadway theatrical productions, andlater for the fledgling movie business developed a form of minimalist, a Carravaggio-like lighting that engulfed the characters in darkness exceptfor a single source of side illumination. This dramatic theatrical effect quickly became a silent film trademark known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Lasky lighting,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? after theproduction company that made The Cheat (1915), his most successful f ilm. It was also one of Cecil B. DeMilleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s masterpieces, shotin Standard 35mm spherical 1.37:1 format, combining all the ingredients typical of the infamous DeMille style à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a mixture of sex, sadism, and sacrifice,washed down with lurid melodrama.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? ( Michael rizzo 2005) Bucklandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lighting contributions were groundbreaking. Two signature scenes in the filmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ the branding of the heroine by her wealthy Japanese paramour and the subsequent shooting scene are lit with such theatrical richness and integrity that our attention is just as adroitly manipulated today as it was during its initial release. This early maverickà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s scenic designs created an equally powerful toured force for film-going audiences in the early twenties. Towering 40 feet above Santa Monica Boulevard and La Brea Avenue, King Richardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s castle, the center piece for Douglas Fairbankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Robin Hood (1922), is arguably the largest set ever constructed in Hollywood history. It took 500 workmen three solid months to build. Considering Los Angeles was more of a wide spot in the road then, the silhouette of the completed castle set could be seen for miles. It exemplified W. Bucklandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s penchant for creating extravagant, naturalistic sets, and it attests to his flair and flexibility as an early art Michael rizzo, The art direction handbook first edition published on 2005. director. Allan Dwan, director and trained engineer, recalled, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“We worked out a couple of interesting engineering stunts for the big sets. On the interiors, the walls meshed together with a matrix, which we designed and built,so they could be put together rapidly in sections. The interior of the castle was very vast too big to light with ordinary arcs. We didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have enough. It was an open set, and certain sections were blacked out to give the right atmosphere. So to light them we constructed huge tin reflectors, about twenty feet across, which picked up the sun and shot the light back onto the arches inside. Then we could make effects.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?4 This set was larger than life in all ways from the completion of the steel-frame, reinforced, working drawbridge, signifying the end of set construction, to the fact that the shooting of the film on its massive sets was a big tourist attractionthe magic of the Dream Factory continues to stir our imagination s ( Michael rizzo 2005) Under the steady but tumultuous employ of Cecil B. De Mille, Buckland was a prolific film designerWilliam Cameron Menzies.Incidentally, as supervising art director Buckland ran the art department for Robin Hood overseeing Anton Grot and William Cameron Menzies, not credited as assistant art directors. The practical vision of Buckland, the little-known Hollywood art director and initiator of the use of controlled lighting within studio environments, set a standard in the first decades of the twentieth century that has become as commonplace as shooting film sequences in Hollywood sound stages today. He stands as an art direct giant; his creative ingenuity ennobles the craft of film design even now. The stills shown here illustrate the enormous sense of theatricality belying his earlier, formative years in New York City. His exuberance for designing these impressive, interior castle shots matches that of the swashbucklingstar and sole producer of the film, Douglas Fairbank( Michael rizz o 2005) Michael rizzo, The art direction handbook first edition published on 2005. Past Changes The function and title of art direction continued into the next decades before the landscape of the art department was changed forever. Since Bucklandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s inauguration, Hollywoodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s creative visual managers were simply called art directors. Each of the existing studios including 20th Century Fox, Columbia Pictures, Paramount Pictures, Metro-Goldwyn Mayer, and Warner Brothers contained stables of art directors overseen by a supervising art department head. The paradigm shift began in 1939 during the Golden Age of the American Studio System. William Cameron Menzies, having grown up under Bucklandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s tutelage, set a new standard for visual excellence by mapping the film epic, Gone With the Wind, with detailed concept sketches and storyboards, and adamantly insisting on using them as guides for shooting the film. David O. Selznick, the filmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s producer, rewarded Menziesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ efforts of managing every detailed asp ect of GWTW from a visual standpoint by crediting him with the title of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“production designer.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? By the way, GWTW was art directed by Lyle R. Wheeler and set decorated by Edward G. Boyle. ( Michael rizzo 2005) This distinction continues to the present. Regardless, the titles continue to be blurred. One logical reason is that the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences annually presents an Oscar for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Best Art Direction for a Film,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? never having taken the leap to make the correction. Another explanation reminds us that the television industry has consistently maintained the original label for the designer as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“art director.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Despite the confusion of terms between industries, one fact remains: two different titles refer to two separate job descriptionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ plain and simple. When in Hollywood, speak specifically. ( Michael rizzo 2005) Michael rizzo, The art direction handbook first edition published on 2005. Present changes Several years ago, the Art Directorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Guild in Los Angeles was in a minor uproar when the title of our union, Local 876, had come up for review and subsequent vote by the membership. As we have just seen, the battle of whoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s who had gone on intermittently in an informal way during the many years since Hollywoodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Golden Age. A handful of committed members called for a formal discussion and vote to resolve the squabbling for a truly descriptive title for the Guild, once and for all. After a lengthy debate, the name of the art directorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ union was changed from Society of Motion Picture and Television Art Directors to LOCAL 800 ART DIRECTORS GUILD SCENIC, TITLE AND GRAPHIC ARTISTS or, The Art Directorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Guild, informally. Holding title in a designing capacity or not, art directors continue to occupy a vital place within the context of cinemaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s creative operatives. Formally being called an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“art directorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? now more than ever personally connects us to our glorious past and reminds us of our historic roots without pretension.( Michael rizzo 2005) Michael rizzo, The art direction handbook first edition published on 2005. Chapter 5 Responsibilities and relationships art director Responsibilities The main responsibility of the art director is to take care of the visual aspects of on screen as well as printed media. The process of visualisation is being over seen by the art director in a variety of communication problem. All art directors even though they are specialised in a particular field must be good not only in design and illustration but photography computers, research etc so that they can interact with all the workers under him He is the one who keeps track on scheduling and budgeting. An art director gives instructions to the art department co-ordinator and the lead man. The art director is also in touch with the departments such as construction, transportation, location and special effects. Art directors start their work two or three month before the production of the film. Art directors start their work on the sets of the shots that are going to be shot first as soon as the schedule is decided. The script is studied thoroughly to know what the essential are props needed in the shots and they are designed according to that. The sketches and plans for the set are drawn so that they can be given to the construction managers and their teams for reference. One important part of art directorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s work is trouble shooting. They find cost effective solutions for constructing and decoration problems. They work closely with the relevant department from the stage of preproduction itself if some special effects or visual effects r there in the movie. They are responsible for the use of any vehicles and animals in the movie. Sometimes the raw materials needed for construction may not be available so they need to adjust with whatever raw materials is available at the present situations. Safety is another important concern of an art director he must make sure that all the workers under him are safe when working in dangerous and hazardous situations Relationships Historically, the art department is seen as the imagery hub of film production More than this, it also exists as the central department providing a strategic guide for all crewmembers in their respective departments. As keeper of the visual concept, the art department has creatively inspired and monitored all related activities for decades. Head accountant and staff- an art director should be in good relation with the accountant so that money is easily available without any delays Locations Manager and Staff- Another early arrival in the pre-production phase is the locations manager. Logistics is what cements your relationship the locations finally chosen to satisfy the design concept, the schedule of in-and-out movement at a location, access and parking, and strict adherence to what can and cannot be physically done are some of the issues both will face together. Much like the art director, the locations manager is the first to arrive and the last to leave any and all given locations. UPM, Production Supervisor, and Production Office Staff- The bulk of your interdepartmental marketing efforts are exercised with the production office, the other nerve center of film production. All final decisions are made in this office. Your goal as an effective art department manager with the UPM, production supervisor, and production office coordinator is to provide good offensive support. First Assistant Director and Staff-The influence of a good art director should be felt everywhere at once. Unfortunately, the shooting crew and its activity on a hot set are not an art directorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s legitimate domain; the first assistant director, the second assistant director, and the second-second assistant director will continuously remind you of that fact. Regardless, you need to do your job despite any restrictions; acknowledging the domain status of the 1st AD is key to working within those restrictions. Pre-visualization Supervisor and Staff The advent of 3D animation and how it has affected the design landscape has forced film designers to rethink the process of matching human and animation film elements seamlessly into the visual fabric of filmmaking. A reluctant respect now governs this young relationship between the art department and visual effects folks. It cannot properly function as an adversarial one because our quickly advancing technology is forcing a paradigm shift. The marriage of minds to create a singular vision has arrived and with it, a rethinking of boundaries. Essential knowledge and skills A good art director should be an expert in interior design and architecture
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