Women and Child Welfare and Development Ministry Essay

Ladies and Child Welfare and Development Ministry - Essay Example An exemplary utilization of shading method has been fundamentally and vivaciously applied in the dresses worn by the characters in the advertisement to delineate between the genders †male and female †in a particular way. Be that as it may, the straightforward yet unseemly words utilized in the advertisement are especially snappy (the snare). The situating (format) of the guardians on the sides with their little girl at the middle depicts a defensive and direction job offered to guardians to the childhood of their young ones. The general sizes of the pictures in the promotion are inconsistent. The guardians are generally taller than their little girl (put at the middle), maybe to strengthen their situations as the focal point of esteem and displaying. The comprehensive highlights of the promotion definitively uncover (reason) to the guardians/watchmen (the intended interest group) the possible caused injury to youthful minds affected by what they hear around them. Kids, particularly those at the period of school novices, are normally extremely mindful to the happenings around them. Actually, guardians/watchmen become the underlying locus of regard for their youngsters before spreading their wings during later phases of improvement. Along these lines, whatever they do or say has the chance of having an enduring effect in t he life of a child.â Being the intended interest group, the unseemly words in the promotion are explicitly connected with them †grown-ups. For sure true to form, the perceptiveness of a youthful psyche is obviously grinding away: picking and holding whatever crosses the ear into the mind (job of the content). Through the promotion, a chap spills out what is in the brain: a reasonable sign that what is ingested from the general condition impacts musings. Obviously, a youngster isn't only an inactive individual from a family however a functioning partaker of what nature offers (message). Indeed, the promotion approaches the guardians/watchmen (message) to oversee their expression to abstain from conferring negative qualities to those under their

Kosair Children's Hospital Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Kosair Children's Hospital - Assignment Example As indicated by the conversation the clinic is intensely outfitted with types of gear and offices to deal with all youngster conditions. The physical offices incorporate beds, concentrated consideration units, and cardiology types of gear among numerous others. The offices are all around masterminded in the medical clinic relying upon the sort of administration they offer. They are likewise very much orchestrated and placed in records to ease access in crisis times. An ideal model is the neonatal emergency unit which has a 97 bed limit which are for serious and basic consideration infants, disconnection rooms, private spaces for capacity of beds and different resources, Kids Kare which is a home settings for all the children needing long haul care or the individuals who are machine reliant just as Pedway access between the medical clinic and Norton Hospital.From this paper obviously the medical clinic has a huge patient or customer base considering the way that it offers clinical tho ughtfulness regarding all kids paying little heed to their parent’s capacity to pay for the clinical expenses.â The emergency clinic deals with around 120,000 youngsters for every Annum, a huge number which the emergency clinic can't take care as far as funds and that is the reason it gets gifts from the Children’s Hospital Foundation and other well wishers. The clinic takes part in various clinical exercises which incorporate kid security, nursing care, cardiology, hypersensitivity and immunology administrations, emergency unit, administrations among numerous different exercises.

The Lottery free essay sample

The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is a short tale about a modest community and their remarkable summer convention. This accounts topical component is similarity and resistance, indicating a conflict between two all around enunciated positions wherein an agitator, on standard, defies and battles with built up power (Abacarian and Klotz, 289). Jacksons short story grabbed my eye through her thrilling auxiliary procedure, and fuse of a genuine, apparently foolish, occasion in an apathetic way. Mr. Summers, who gives his opportunity to running city exercises, runs this occasion very year on June 27th. The kids are consistently the first to collect, guiltless to the seriousness of the occasion that is going to happen. The leader of the family every select a bit of paper from a black box, and keeps it fixed until everybody has picked. Simultaneously the entirety of the men open their papers, and whoevers family has the paper with the dark spot has been chosen. We will compose a custom paper test on The Lottery or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This year, it was the Hutchinson family. Presently, the paper with the spot is set back in the container alongside increasingly clear slips to approach the measure of individuals in the family. They each pick, and the individual who picks the need spot is the champ, who at that point gets stoned by the town. Until the finish of the short story the peruser is particularly ignorant of the circumstance and why this lottery is occurring, which is one explanation I picked this story. Anticipation in a story is one of my preferred components and consistently keeps me needing to peruse so as to discover what occurs. Through a large portion of the story Jackson shows the town very sprightly and glad, however she starts to imply towards a sensational occasion with proclamations, for example, an unexpected quiet fell on the group Oackson,342), l wish theyd rush. I wish theyd hustle Oackson, 343), and a long delay, a short of breath stop Oackson, 343). When I understood what the purpose of the lottery is, I immediately recalled through the story and acknowledged how passionless she was towards this occasion. Over the span of the story, Jackson indicated a significant number of the characters acting extremely easygoing and lighthearted, despite the fact that one of their towns individuals was going to be stoned. I preferred the manner in which Jackson fused stones with the kids in the start of the story. This makes the peruser initially question its significance and shows the guiltlessness of youth. She at that point follows later with the older man expressing that he had been at these lotteries for seventy-seven years, which indicated the town being utilized to the convention and show ordinary it was to the general public, and how it just contrarily influences the individual who won and their family. The characters examine what number of towns have disposed of this convention, and Old Man Warner states Nothing however inconvenience in that,, Old Man Warner said strongly. Pack of youthful fools0ackson, 342). This shows the subject of similarity and resistance, since the more youthful ages need to dispose of the custom, and the more seasoned enerations with more control over the general public trust it is generally advantageous. Indeed, even the demise of a person in their town they state is essential and custom, which I discovered surprising. oliday air, which finishes up with a horrendous occasion. The occasion air is utilized to reduce the eternality of the occasion, yet the creator effectively utilizes the bliss to add anticipation to the convention and add a dim curve to the seriousness, all things considered, In general, the tension emphatically adds to the structure of the story and the easygoing part of the stoning and demise of a resident follows the topic of similarity an d insubordination. The lottery free paper test Shirley Jackson was a committed mother and essayist. Jackson didn’t fit in well in North Bennington, and the town likely filled in as the setting for the New England town depicted in â€Å"The Lottery. † â€Å"The Lottery† caused shock and discussion when it showed up in the New Yorker in 1948, however numerous pundits presently believe it to be Jackson’s most popular work. Jackson was some of the time thought to be a witch due to her inspired by black magic and dark enchantment. Practically all of Jackson’s work is reflects loathsomeness, hauntings, black magic, or mental anxiety. She additionally battled with both mental and physical sicknesses as a grown-up. In contrast to different essayists, she found the creative cycle pleasurable. â€Å"The Lottery† begins in a town on a typical day with youngsters going around and gathering rocks. The men of the families are called forward to a wooden box to draw sheets of paper. At the point when one of the men sees that he has the dark speck on his slip, his better half promptly begins to contend with how the drawing wasn’t reasonable. We will compose a custom article test on The lottery or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The family is brought to the phase where they are to draw their pieces of paper. Tess (Mrs. Hutchinson) draws the paper with the dark speck and is taken to the focal point of the town where the town’s individuals take their stones that the youngsters gathered before that day. As the residents close in to principally take Tess’s life, everything you can hear are her alarmed shrilling shouts. Shirley Jackson in her work â€Å"The Lottery† uncovers the destructive elements that bring about our visually impaired acknowledgment of ethically faulty conventions that cause social loss of motion. â€Å"The Lottery† begins as an ordinary day in the town â€Å"it was clear and bright with the new warmth of a full-summer day† (Jackson 1). This is amusing in light of the fact that it begins with this implication of a charming day yet truly by the end they wind up killing one of their own residents. Jackson does this to make a less genuine climate and mirror the mentalities of the network. In a split second, the young men are gathering rocks used to kill the lottery victor toward the finish of the story. This is a yearly thing that the children do on the grounds that they have been raised and instructed to do as such. Since the children are bit by bit and deliberately presented to these arrangement of inciting items and circumstances, they have gotten comfortable with their activities making it a yearly â€Å"game† for the children (Linz 1). It has become a â€Å"game† for the children on the grounds that in the story it expresses that, â€Å"they assemble discreetly for some time before they broke out into tumultuous play† and that they â€Å"find the smoothest and roundest rocks to stuff in their pockets. † Because the children are more than once presented to this brutality it reduces the negative influence that was once upon them. They can no longer consider it to be off-base or feel regret. They aimlessly acknowledge this errand that is given to them consistently and don’t question it. The consistent introduction to savagery brings about less physiological reactivity to other rough activities going on around them (Linz 1). The slaughtering of the locals is the brutality going on. Gathering stones has become a custom that they accept is correct, in light of the fact that it is the thing that they have been raised to do, despite the fact that it isn't right. They are simply children and haven’t been instructed that it is ethically off-base to be executing loved ones. A model is toward the finish of the story when Mrs. Hutchinson’s child was given a couple of stones to toss at his own mom and didn’t dither. At the point when they are more than once presented to brutality they are less discouraged and appreciate the material more with consistent coercion (Linz 2). â€Å"Both transmitted and snickered (Jackson 6). † This shows how they despite everything discover euphoria in the circumstance despite the fact that they are going to murder an individual from their family. The story proceeds to discuss the families that are going to this alleged lottery. The ladies are portrayed as â€Å"housewives that gossip† (Jackson 1) and aren’t as definitive as the men. While the young men are largely gathering the stones, the ladies are â€Å"standing aside talking among themselves. † In the story â€Å"the ladies started to call their youngsters, and the kids came hesitantly, having called four or multiple times. † When their dad calls to them â€Å"they came quickly† (Jackson 1). Maybe their moms hadnt even said anything. This shows how the men are depicted as the leader of the house and they ladies more as simply the â€Å"housekeeper. † Their voices are not heard in this piece of the story and neither toward the end when Mrs. Hutchinson asserts that, â€Å"It wasn’t fair† and nobody takes care of business yet proceeds with the remainder of the lottery. Ladies have been known to once in a while work outside the house and live their lives thinking about their spouses and youngsters while dealing with their home. Most guys are won as the predominant sexual orientation. The ladies are seen on a lower status (Gender Prejudice 1). The lottery is by all accounts run for the most part by the men of the town. They are the ones that are accountable for the black box and the greater part of the service. In the story the ladies are increasingly impervious to the lottery while the men are the ones in charge of it. This outcomes in social loss of motion of the town in light of the fact that nobody needs to change how the lottery is run or who it’s run by. At the point when its time for the drawing, Mr. Dunbar can't draw so in light of the fact that he and his better half don’t have children the â€Å"Wife draws for the husband† (Jackson 3). This all returns to the job of the people in the town. The ladies are to create numerous youngsters with the goal that it gives their family a superior possibility of enduring if their life partner is picked in the first round (Oehlschlaeger 1). Men are the ones that go out and win in the business world while their spouses remain at home throughout the day. At the point when Mrs. Hutchinson shows up later than expected she offers the expression that she â€Å"Thought my dad was out back stacking wood† and that she â?

The Crimes of Brandy Holmes

During the early evening hours of January 1, 2003, the Brandy Holmes and her boyfriend, Robert Coleman, forced their way into the rural home of Julian Brandon, a retired minister who was 70 years of age, and his wife Alice, who was 68 years of age. Reverend Brandon was shot at near contact range in the underside of his jaw with a .380 caliber handgun. The bullet separated into two pieces: one fragment entered his brain and the other exited the top of his head. Julian Brandon immediately collapsed. Holmes and Coleman then took Mrs. Brandon to the rear bedroom and demanded her valuables, cash, and credit cards as she begged for her life. Ignoring her pleas, they placed a pillow over the womans face and shot her in the head, and left her for dead.    Over-Kill After shooting Mrs. Brandon, Holmes and Coleman heard Reverend Brandon struggling with his wounds and returned and stabbed and slashed him to death. Concerned Friends Discover the Bodies On January 5, 2003, four days after the attack, Calvin Barrett Hudson, a family friend of the Brandons, became concerned when the couple did not attend church on Sunday and decided to check on them. When he and his wife went to their friends residence, they found Reverend Brandon lying in a pool of his blood on the carpet. Hudson immediately went to a neighbors house and called the sheriffs office. When the police responded to the call, they found Reverend Brandons body. It was not until the authorities checked the house that they discovered Mrs. Brandon was barely alive. Even though Mrs. Brandon received a gunshot wound to the head, she survived the attack, although she was permanently disabled and requires around-the-clock care. Tips Lead Investigators to the Killers Door After the television news reported the crime, the Caddo Parish Sheriffs Office received a tip from persons at an apartment complex near the crime scene. The callers indicated the Holmes had been bragging about killing an elderly couple down the road near a church and that she was trying to sell their jewelry. Detectives then went to the trailer of Brenda Bruce, Holmes mother, which was located near the homicide scene. There they located Holmes, Coleman, her mother, and her 15-year-old brother, Sean George. All four agreed to accompany the officers to the sheriffs office for interviews. Over the next two days Holmes made six recorded and unrecorded statements, implicating herself and others to varying degrees in the homicide and robbery. She also said that two days after murders, she and two of her young nephews bicycled to the Brandons home. The youngest nephew, nine years of age, entered the home with her and she walked to the back of house and heard Mrs. Brandons heavy breathing and turned around and left.   The nine-year-old nephew entered the home with his aunt, where he saw Reverend Brandon lying in a pool of blood and heard Mrs. Brandon screaming from another room in the home. A neighbor witnessed both nephews fleeing from the residence, leaving the Holmes inside the home. Evidence Police recovered considerable circumstantial evidence that proved Holmes involvement in the crime. Although the gun used in the shootings was not recovered, ballistics evidence demonstrated that the weapon used in the Brandon homicide was the same weapon that had belonged to Holmess father and had been stolen from his residence in Tylertown, Mississippi. Holmes admitted she had stolen her fathers gun in one of her statements to the police. In addition, a surveillance video from Hibernia Bank depicted the Holmes and Coleman attempting to use the Brandons credit card at an ATM. A search of the Bruce trailer where the Holmes and Coleman were staying led to the discovery of several items that belonged to Mrs. Brandon. Three fired .380 cartridge casings were found in the rain gutter of the trailer where she lived.   Laboratory analysis revealed that Reverend Brandons DNA was found on one of these casings.   Ã‚   Additionally, forensic analysis matched the .380 projectile recovered from Reverend Brandons brain and the dining room ceiling to a projectile recovered from a tree at the home of Holmes father in Mississippi. Brandy Holmes was found guilty of capital murder and sentenced to death.

Study Questions Act II, Scenes I II Essay - 1181 Words

Othello Study Questions: Act II, scenes i - iii Directions: Answer the following questions using COMPLETE SENTENCES. In order to get credit for a question, all portions of the question must be complete. Before turning in your responses, you will turn a copy of them in to turnitin to ensure originality. Act II, i 1. As Act II opens, what are Montano and the other gentlemen discussing? There is a wind that cause the wave become agitated. 2. Why does the 3rd gentleman declare, â€Å"News, lads! Our wars are done† (II, I, 22)? The war has been resolved by a cool incident. What has happened to the Turks? The Turkish ships are destroyed at the agitated sea. 3. In what order do the Venetians land on shore? Cassio comes firstly,then the ship of Roderigo,Iago,Desdemona,and Emilia.Othello comes lastly. What dramatic purposes are served by this rather than some other order? It can show that Desdemona was concerned to her husband. 4. Quote and cite the lines that show Montano’s opinion of Othello. Montano says: â€Å"For I have served him, and the man commands.Like a full soldier†(2.1.37-38) 5. Quote and cite the lines that show Cassio’s opinion of Desdemona. When Montano asks Cassio that is Othello married or not.Cassio replied: â€Å"he hath achieved a maid.That paragons description and wild fame;One that excels the quirks of blazoning pens,And in the essential vesture of creation,Does tire the ingener†(2.1.66-72). What might this show about his character? He does not afraid theShow MoreRelatedJames Bond1736 Words   |  7 Pagessorry I couldnt make it there yesterday, but I was not feeling well. For Monday: read Act 2 of Othello answer the study questions for Act 1 (they start with # 11, I dont know why!) Well look at the Act 2 questions during class Art: draw 2 faces following the instructions on this webpage: http://www.wikihow.com/Draw-a-Face its a lot like the other website, but also a little different, so youll get some different ideas on how to do this. STUDY QUESTIONS FOR OTHELLO Act I,Read MoreRomeo and Juliet guide questions Essay909 Words   |  4 PagesRomeo and Juliet Study Guide Questions Act I 1. In the Prologue, what does the chorus say will happen to the two lovers? 2. What does Escalus say he will do to anyone who fights in the future? 3. How does Benvolio say the fighting began? 4. According to Benvolio and Mercutio, how has Romeo been acting recently? 5. What remedy does Benvolio suggest for Romeos problem? 6. In scene 2, what does Capulet tell Paris he will have to do in order to marry Juliet? 7. Why does the servant ask RomeoRead MoreA Midsummer Nights Dream and Scene1024 Words   |  5 PagesA Midsummer Night’s Dream Study Questions ACT I, SCENE I - Due Date ____________________ 1. How is Hippolyta’s reasoning concerning how quickly the next four days will pass different from that of Theseus? 2. Why has Egeus brought his daughter and her two suitors to Theseus? What does Egeus expect him to do? 3. 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Should the man or woman dominate the relationship Essay Example For Students

Should the man or woman dominate the relationship? Essay In a relationship you make a decision. Who will be the provider? Who will be the Stay at home partner. I think that the decisions between men and women should be up to those who hold the partnership. There are many types of relationships that men and women can have. This can affect the role of either man or woman. First there is Companion love. You can enjoy the presence of your partner without expecting any kind of commitment. With this you arent always worrying about how each other acts around other people. There is no jealousy involved and little or no obligation. There is also whats called unselfish love. This is what I consider to be a one sided and useless relationship. One partner gives constantly and expects nothing in return. While the other does nothing to contribute to the relationship. Then theres what people call True love. Each partner gives equally to the other and knows that they can trust each other to the fullest. Love is not something that you know. It is something that you feel. In each of these partnerships there is a role to be played by each of the two partners. I think that there is no such thing as a completely equal relationship. I think that one partner will always be the dominant one. Whether it be the woman or the man. Although it does not show on the outside, the man is always more susceptible to the wrath of the other its significant other. That fact aside though, I do think that as a relationship goes on, more equality between partners develops. In my opinion this is because they both learn to trust each other more as time goes on. So I say that with months years and days equality and trust are following closely behind. To discuss the topic of True Love vs. Romance. Two people who experience true love will be completely devoted to one another, whereas a romantic relationship may only consist of two people who are together and might not even love each other. Also there is what I like to call the pre-life relationships. The times before you are an adult when you have relationships, in my opinion, are not really meant to last. They are crash courses in love. They just prepare you for what is to come later in life. Just remember one thing. To love is to live.

THE NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY IN US

Table of Contents Introduction Literature Data The Study Summary and Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Natural gas is one of the natural fuels that are used by mankind for both commercial and residential purposes. In the United S America it is mainly used for cooking and heating by the largest percentage households although it is applied as a raw material in the industrial sector as well. The usage of natural gas has increased for the past years with many citizens preferring it to other sources of energy.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on THE NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY IN US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other uses of the natural gas that have emerged with the evolution of the energy and the manufacturing industry include, its use as vehicle fuels, powering the industrial furnaces, running air conditioners among others. The research paper looks into the natural gas industry in the US where it analyses i ts aspects. It also covers the emergence of the natural gas market, its discovery for the industrial, commercial and the residential use. The evolution of the natural gas market industry is discussed in detail. Other than these, the research main objective is to analyze the effects of natural gas production in the US and imports from other countries. On the determination of the market structure and the evaluation of supply and demand in the future time series data is used. This is also applied to determine the price of the natural gas process. The paper is organized systematically where there is literature review that looks into materials concerning the natural gas industry and several aspects would be discussed. Series trend data would be used to determine the supply and demand as well as the price determination of natural gas. The main body of the research paper would discuss and analyze the research findings of the data used in the research paper. The summary and conclusion will be based on the findings of the study on natural gas. Literature This part of the research paper used paper reviewed materials that have connection to the natural gas industry in the United States of America. The use of the natural gas in the United States of America has increased compared to the recent past. Natural gas is used as a burned fuel in the US, where in the 2009; more than 25% of natural gas was consumed. These areas of consumption include the generation of electricity, fueling vehicles, heating buildings, heating water, baking foods, running air conditioners, and industrial furnace power. According to a report released in December 22, 2010 by Michael Ratner show that emergence of natural gas use has been necessitated by the fact that it is a cleaner because of its low carbon content. Ratner (1) points that the combustion of natural gas is known to emit two thirds carbon dioxide less compared to coal, and a quarter less compared to oil. This is an explanation why the use of natural gas has been increasing bearing in mind that the environment conservation has been emphasized during the climate change summit over the years. Other reason why it is highly used in the USA is because natural gas combustion produces less particular matter, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide when compared to carbon (Ratner 1).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With the discovery of new methods of natural gas extraction like from shale, has encouraged the use of natural gas in the USA. This has been adopted by other countries seeing the demand and supply in the natural gas oil industry increase significantly. Some of the factors that determine the quantity of natural gas demand and the quantities in the market include technical capability, price, environmental concerns, as well as the political considerations in the natural gas producing countries (Ratner 1) . The evolution of the natural gas markets is likely to be determined by the unconventional natural gas reserves the US that is evolving. The USA remains the largest consumer of natural gas with consumption of 22% of the world’s production in 2009. According to Ratner (1) more than 84% of the gas in the USA was used for domestic purpose. This is a large percentage meaning that people have changed their trends in the usage of natural gas in the US. Usage of natural gas has been there before although it was used in small quantities in the US for only domestic purposes. It has undergone evolution over the years. Over the years the discovery of its usage in industrial and commercial purpose in large quanties has revolutionalised the natural gas market. According to Nersesian (248) the demand of natural gas has increased with world consuming 24% with the exclusion of bio fuels. US have become the largest importer because of its increased demand for both domestic and industrial con sumption. For the residential purpose the natural gas use increase during the winter for the heating purposes. This according to Nersesian (249) has increased the demand for natural gas. It has also made the prices of the commodity increase with the residential use by residential customers paying the largest bills. This has resulted to the chicken egg syndrome, where the residents depend highly on natural gas in the residential areas for the provision of warm during the winter season. In the industrial sector consumes largest amount of gas with more than 200, 00 consumers forming 35% of the natural gas use. This is less compared to the residential use of natural gas that has more than 60 million users annually. The demand has continued to increase with the conflict in the Middle East where the oil crisis has affected the oil market. The industrial use includes incineration, waste treatment, dehumidification, petrochemical industries among other industrial uses. The more natural gas is being use the more the effect is relayed to the consumer goods production. This is because it is directly used as raw materials thus affecting the price of these products (Nersesian 249). According to Roberts (1) the use of the natural gas in the US in the 1970 grew dramatically. He adds that most of the gas produced was a byproduct of the production of the crude oil. This was necessitated by the fact that the oil reserves at that time where lager and would be long lived.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on THE NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY IN US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This has changed over the years making the USA the largest importer of natural gas in the 21st century. Roberts (1) adds that for the past 40 years the usage of natural gas has been cyclical and market intervention by the government has been the reason why the trend has been changing. The regulation of the natural gas prices in the market was initiated by the federal government in the 1950s. This was the beginning of the evolution of the natural gas markets. Roberts (1) notes that the Federal Power Commission was the predecessor of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission that encouraged the supply of the natural gas through the pipelines and asserted a certain price for this. This saw an increase in the demand of natural gas after the market prices were regulated to low levels. Consequently the exploration rate declined because the returns were low and prices were low too. After several laws and Acts were passed in the late 1970s the demand decreased and alternative methods of energy generation were put into place. Economic downturn led to decline in demand for industrial use of natural gas and the price of natural gas increased. The demand for natural gas has since increased after the economy has recovered (Roberts 1). Production and increased demand for natural gas has had several impacts on US. With higher price s of natural gas, it has become more cheap and economical to import some of the products that are related to natural gas. For example, ammonia based fertilizers are imported, and alternative feed stocks have become attractive like the corn oil and naptha that is used for petrochemicals (Roberts 2). Other plants that don’t use natural gas have been closed because they were not ready for the change. Data The consumption of natural gas in the United States has been extremely high. This is based on the basis of several data trends on the percentage allocation on its use and demand over the years. The allocation of the use of natural gas in different sectors is also discussed and analyzed. According to Ratner (3) the world consumption of natural gas in 2009 amounted to more than104, 000 bcf that forms 24%. USA formed the largest consumer with 22,849 bcf which formed a 22%. The economic downturn that resulted from the recession and the War in the Middle East has seen a 2% decline i n the consumption of natural oil in the US. Ratner (3) notes that a third of the natural gas consumption in the US is used in the electric power generation, commercial use, industrial use, and residential use. In 2009 generation of electric power had increased as compared to 2008 usage. It had a consumption of 6,900 bcf of natural gas an increase with 3% (Ratner 3). Te transport sector uses the les amounts of natural gas because of the several logistics involved its usage. Although it has no soot and it is environmentally friendly, the logistic hurdle has been the great problem.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nersesian (249) notes that the projected figures of the usage of natural gas in the US show that it is clear that more than 20% that is over 60 million residents is used for residential purposes. The purpose of this is drying, cooking, heating, pool heating, and consumer space and water heat as well as gas fire places. The residential demand increases to its peak during the winter with a more than 70% annual consumption although it varies depending on the season. The residential gas consumers pay the largest amount with the commercial users paying only 15%. This sector has more than five million commercial users making them pay the second largest price. The sectors in the commercial that use natural gas include the motels, restaurants, retail establishments, healthcare facilities, hospitals, government buildings and offices (Nersesian 249). Their demand is not determined by the season it’s an all year usage scenario. Industrial sector forms over 35% in the natural gas total d emand with more than 200,000 customers. The industrial sector faces fluctuation in the demand for natural gas usage although it’s not seasonal. The major effect is the fluctuations and variations in the economic activity changes. The impact of increase in the prices in natural gases is that industries can change to other sources like bio fuels. The electricity sector has more than 5,700 users that account to 30% of the total demand (Nersesian 249). The electricity generation sector has more than 5,000 natural gas generating plants. The Study The demand for natural gas in the United States of America has increased over the years making it the largest user. According to Ratner (1) natural gas plays a great role in the world energy mix because of its growing resource base. This is because of it produces low carbon compared to fossil fuels. Although US have been ranked as the largest importer of natural gas, report by Ratner (2) indicates that the unconventional gas reserves in t he US from the shale gas have increased over the last years. Shale gas reserve has increased to 76% with its production increasing to 47%. This has changed the position of US as a net importer of natural gas to a potential exporter (Ratner 2). With the increase in demand, there has been a decline by 2% because of the economic downturn and the recession. With increase in demand the market price of natural gas has been low. Natural gas price in Canada, USA and UK is set by the market that is set by the economic activities (Retner 11). There are hubs centers that provide the natural gas sellers and buyers with price data that are competitive. Some of the hubs in US include the LA, Henry Hub in Erath which form a multiple interstate where most of the natural gas pipelines interconnect (Ratner 11). The demand for natural gas has made itself stand itself wholly; this has made it become uncompetitive with other sources of fuels. The price of fuels in the US is also determined by the consum er needs. For instance, the residential consumers are the ones that pay the highest prices because of their demand that is determined by season. The commercial users follow in terms of demand and pay because of the economic activities. The demand of natural gas in the US is not likely to reduce because the unconventional gas a reserve that has been found. In most case, the natural gas use in the US has articulated by the fact because gas in available and not expensive compared to other sources of fuels. The production of natural gas in the use has its impacts. For one it has revolutionized the manufacturing industry by making use of natural gas a car fuels. This is seen as a way that reducing the amount of carbon, sulfer dioxide and other particular particles that are not environmentally friendly. It production has also made sure that its demand remains high with no reservations of its use getting low. Production of ammonia has been affected with its production reducing drastically. According to Huang (15) the raw materials for ammonia fertilizers in the natural gas and its production have reduced because of the increased prices associated with natural gas. The production has reduced by 35% and the ammonia production plants have reduced over with 44%. This has reduced the supply of ammonia gas in the US with many companies opting to import ammonia from other countries because it’s cheap. Other producing countries especially in the Middle East have the lowest prices of natural gas. This is obviously going to have negative impact on the price of natural gas in the US. According to Huang (11) the imports of natural gas in the Middle East and the North Africa have been limited to low capacity production. With the in prices being low the imports from these countries is more likely to affect the exportation of natural gas to the US. Although these countries do not produce ammonia fertilizers from natural gas, if they did they would have a large market share i n Asia and China compared to US. The imports may also reduce because with sustainable natural gas production there is no need to import natural gas. The countries that export natural gas in the US will have to find another suitable market because the imports will reduce drastically (Gene 138). This is because of the production of natural gas in the US. It is also going to affect the manufacturing industry because increased production would mean more employment and industrial production. Imported natural gas is clean. According to Gene (138) the production of natural gas would see production of by products that would boost the economy. Summary and Conclusion Natural gas is used in large quantities in the USA with the household consumptions leading the usage followed by electricity generating. Natural gas household consumption include heating water, warming houses, cooking, powering fans, heating pools, ironing among others. For industrial use it is used as raw materials, powering ind ustrial furnaces, running the air conditioners, incineration, waste treatment, dehumidification, petrochemical industries among other industrial use. In the manufacturing it is as fuel in car, manufacture of ammonia based fertilizers, plastics and other materials. The reason why natural gas is preferred is because its environmentally clean, compared to coal. It also produces less sulfur dioxide gas and carbon and other particular matter. The discovery of unconventional natural gas reserves from shell formation has prompted the demand to increase. The emergence of the use of natural gas can be traced in years back although it was used in small quantities. Over the years it usage has been increasing with the US being the largest user and importer. It uses natural gas in the residential places, transport sector, the industrial sector and the commercial sector. The increased uses have prompted the demand to increase and importing its gas from natural gas producing states like Russia. Th e statistics clearly show how US has been using natural gas with the population using natural gas increasing annually. For residential use natural gas fluctuates seasonally with summer having the highest demand. On the other hand the industrial gas demand is determined by the economic activities. The market for demand of natural gas has evolutionised over the years after several laws governing the productivity, transport and pricing. The pricing is determined by the demand of natural gas in the US and the Middle East political stability. The demand for natural gas is not likely to reduce over the years because of its environmentally friendly aspect. The United States is now becoming a net exporter as opposed to a net importer of natural gas due to the discovery of unconventional reserves. The price in the US is determined by the market demand and the economic activity. From the research it is noticeable that because of its various aspects, natural gas is not competitive from other k inds of fuels. The production of natural gas in the US is likely to have effects. The demand is more likely to increase and so are the prices. This would mean that imports from other countries may be reduced because they have their own sources. In terms of export however, this may reduce because the Middle East and North America produces natural gas that is of low price. The production of ammonia in the US has declined over the years because of its high price. Despite the fact that natural gas is being produced in the US, the price hikes has made it cheap and economical to import ammonia fertilizers from other countries. Works Cited Gene, Whitney C. E. B. Energy: Natural Gas. S.l.: Thecapitol Net, Inc, 2010. Print. Huang, Wen-yuan. Impact of Rising Natural Gas Prices on U.S. Ammonia Supply. Agust. 2007. Web. https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/40459/11717_wrs0702_1_.pdf?v=41057. Nersesian, Roy L. Energy for the 21st Century: A Comprehensive Guide to Conventional and Altern ative Services. M E Sharpe Inc, 2010. Print. Ratner, Michael. Global Natural Gas: A Growing Resource. 22 Dec. 2010. Web. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41543.pdf Roberts, J. Paul. The Evolution of Natural Gas Markets. n.d. Web. http://www.beg.utexas.edu/ This research paper on THE NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY IN US was written and submitted by user Livia Kelly to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

sociology in pakistan Essay Example

sociology in pakistan Essay Example sociology in pakistan Essay sociology in pakistan Essay Group Names:ubedullah , Usaid Anwar Salman , Sheraz Ahmed , Ubaid Rehman Report:Sociology Report No. 1. Report Subject (topic): Religion Politics in Pakistan Submitted To: Sir Qamar Abbas Dated: 28-Nov-2013 International Islamic University Islamabad Content Definition of Religion Definition of Politics History of Religion History of Politics Analysis (Religion Politics) Suggestion Conclusion Dennltlon 0T Rellglon Religion: Religion means to give up or follow rules regulations which are given. The belief in a god or in a group of gods. An organized system of beliefs, ceremonies, and rules sed to worship a god or a group of gods, an interest, a belief, or an activity that is very important to a person or group. Personal set or institutionalized system of religious attitudes, beliefs and practices Religion consequences in Pakistan: Pakistan is that country which is made up or established on basis of religion percepts because as we know that MOTO of Pakistan is LA ILLAH IL-ALLAH MOHAMMAD-UR- RASOOLALLAH and Pakistan contains its full name as Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Although there are many religions in Pakistan but all religions have equal rights, all are respected in brotherhood. Majority Islam: Muslims 97% (sunni 77%, Shia 20%) Minorities Christianity, Hinduism, Parss and others 3% (Christians are the largest minority group) Politics: Concept of Politics is to have rules regulations on which basis nation can lead peaceful life. Politics is the practice and theory of influencing other people on a civic or individual level. More narrowly, it refers to achieving and exercising positions of governance and organized control over a human community, particularly a state. A variety of methods are employed in politics, which include promoting its own political iews among people, negotiation with other political subjects, making laws, and exercising force, including warfare against adversaries. Politics is exercised on a wide range of social levels, from clans and tribes of traditional societies, through modern local governments, companies and institutions up to sovereign states, to international level. A political system is a framework which defines acceptable political methods within a given society. History of political thought can be traced back to early antiquity, with seminal works such as Platos Republic, Aristotles Politics and opus of Confucius. History of Religion in Pakistan Islam: Islam Is tne state rellglon 0T PaKlstan, ana aoout Y5-YB% 0T PaKlstanls are Musllms. Islam is the largest and the state religion of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, which has a population of about 190,291 , 129. The majority (95-97%) of the Pakistani people are Muslim while the remaining 3-5% are Christian, Hindu, and others. Sunnis are the majority while the Shias make up between 5-20%of the total Muslim population of the country. Pakistan has the second largest number of Shias after Iran, which numbers between 16. 5 million to as high as 30 million Hinduism: Hinduism the second largest religion in Pakistan accounting for 1. 85% of the population. The Last population census divided the population into 1. 6% Hindu Jati and 0. 25% Scheduled castes. Punjab province of modern day Pakistan on the banks of Indus river around 1500 BCE and spread from there across South and South East Asia slowly developing and evolving into the various forms of the faith we see today. Although no population census recording religious affiliation has taken place since 1998, if the numbers are extrapolated then Hindus would account for around 3 to 3. 5 illion people today. According to the last census held in 1998, 93% of Hindus live inSindh, 5% in Punjab and nearly 2% in Balochistan. Christianity: Christianity make up 1. 6% of Pakistans population, about 2. 8 million people out of a total population. The majority of the Pakistani Christian communities is constituted by converts from the Hindus and Muslims from Punjab region, from the British colonial era. Bah? ¤i: The Bah? ¤i Faith in Pakistan begins previous to its independence when it was still under British colonial rule. The roots of the religion in the region go back to the first ays of the B? ¤bi religion in 1844. Sikhism: There are a number of Sikhs living throughout Pakistan today, about 20,000. Zoroastrianism: Zoroastrianism is believed to have been a major religion in the region of Pakistan from the time it was part of the Persian Achemenid empire. There are at least 4,000 Pakistani citizen practicing the Zoroastrian religion. Kalash: This is pagan religion of the Kalash people living in a remote part of Chitral, about 3,000. Buddhism: Buddhism has an ancient history in Pakistan, currently there is a small community of at least 1500 Pakistani Buddhist in the country. Judaism: There is no evidence that there are any Jews Various estimates suggest that there were about 1,500 Jews living in Pakistan at the time of its independence on 14 August 1947. History of Politics in Pakistan In 1947 Pakistan becomes member of UN by a unanimous vote of the Security Council. In 1949 Constituent Assembly of Pakistan adopts Objectives Resolution, as a guide to future constitution modeled on the ideology of Islam. in 1954 approved the National Anthem, written by Abul Hafeez Jlundhri. In1956 on February 21 Constituent AssemDly aec10es tne country snall De a reaeral RepuDllc Known as Islamic RepuDllc f Pakistan. In 1958 on October 7Martial Law is declared throughout the country. In 1960 on February 24 Presidential Cabinet decides to name the new Capital as Islamabad. In 1962 Constitution is promulgated, Gen: Ayub became first President. Than after Zulfiquar Bhutto became president East Pakistan became separate. After Zulfiquar Bhutto, Gen: zia-ul-haq became president. After 1985, Pakistan govt. came under into civilian people, Benazir Bhutto, Mian Nawaz Sharif after them Pervaiz Musharraf became president. Then after President Asif Ali Zardari became resident now Mamnoon Hussain Analysis (Religion Politics) Religious Analysis: If we look upon religious point of Pakistan, our country was established due to religious basis. But now a days we have forgotten religion aspects but want to live luxuries lives. When we are in trouble then we say We are unlucky or our politics is corrupt but we never see inside ourselves that what we are? Political Analysis: Politics was made for nation but now adays politics is Just played as a game in which nation is used as a ball. The leader which is selected that does not think for etterment of nation but Just thinks that what will happen of mine after 5 years. Within term of 5 years he makes his future savings. When any government is selected for term of 5 years, it leads nation as they want, they never ask during his leading days from nation. Just moves on. Politicians Just beg from nation for sake of votes during voting days. Suggestion: According to my point of view. First of all there should be rules regulations of religious points aspects. In politics there should be religious scholars which are to be selected by nation. Ministers of all departments should be selected by ation. Removing foreign policies languages, our national language should preferred more. Islamic histories at lower classes should be published for children. Should be focused and must be given first priority to the religious points. Conclusion Religious Overview: We do not think or we donot remember that for what purpose we are made for. We have forgotten our reality thats why we are blessed with curse of such tensions from them we never get peace. All time after having everything we donot lead peaceful life its all due because we are away from religion. Politics Overview: I believe that as you sow, so shall you reap. So as we are ourselves thats why we are blessed with such type of politics because we never try to be independent but totally depend upon our government. But in other countries government depend upon nation its all due to nations unity. Their nation is not divided into any group or any tribe on basis of religious or race basis. When they feel any type of missing they become united and make crisis but in our country no crisis, no unity, no united natlon, so no peace, no government! THE END! KEEP SMILING!

Commercial contracting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Commercial contracting - Essay Example For advising Transco regarding these issues, the following discussion, relating to the terms used in the letters from Minerva and Hedge Plc have been taken up for discussion. Essay 1 Subject to Contract The formation of contracts is a process that is subject to continual change. This process has gradually acquired considerable intricacy and involves much higher stakes. Nevertheless, some features of this process have remained unchanged. For instance, the negotiators are interested at reaching an agreement and are keen to gain the maximum profit from it. These objectives are inherently contradictory; because, a party that is interested in effecting an agreement might be required to behave in a manner that diminishes its profits.1 It has been a long standing practice to employ the device of subject to contract in contractual negotiations. This expedient prevents the emergence of contractual liabilities, during contractual deliberations. Its use in correspondence that transpires before a contract is formed connotes the absence of contractual liability till such time as a contract is formed.2 The subsequent conduct of the parties to an agreement, primarily determines the outcome of the condition subject to contract. ... Furthermore, this term cannot be employed to indicate that no binding contract can be formed. In addition to the written words and negotiations the conduct of the parties also determines the existence of a binding contract.4 As a result, any instruction to commence work, prior to arriving at a final agreement, should be dealt with great care. In Regalian Properties plc v London Dockland Development Corpn [1995] it was held that an offer that had been accepted, subject to contract was not binding in nature. In this case, the plaintiff was a property developer who made its offer via a letter entitled subject to contract. 5 Due to difficulties envisaged in acquiring the land by the defendant and other reasons, the contract proved difficult to materialise. The plaintiff claimed heavy damages, which the court rejected, as the work had been undertaken on the basis of subject to contract, which implied the absence of a contract betwixt the plaintiff and the defendant. The plaintiff had incu rred considerable expenditure, in the anticipation of procuring the contract. The court held that the plaintiff’s actions had been at its own risk, as there was no binding contract between the plaintiff and the defendant.6 Thus, subject to contract provides a stratagem for circumventing liability in such claims. In Confetti Records v Warner Music UK Ltd [2003], it was ruled by the court that the inclusion of a track from the album did not constitute an infringement of copyright. The inclusion of the term subject to contract indicates that the party has no intention to confer a binding nature on deal memo. However, the act of sending the track and invoice by the claimants was to be considered a valid offer. If the defendant had

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 3

Management - Essay Example Refreezing is about eh stabling the change process. Mainly the organization looks to complete the refreezing stage through organizational norms, culture and structures (Carnall, 1994, p. 351). Organizational Level One of the most famous analytical models that describe the process of change at an organizational level has been developed by Harold J. Leavitt. According to Leavitt organizations are like multivariate systems that have four most important variables such as the structure, goal, technology and players (Moore, 1963, p. 141). According to Leavitt structure is the structure of authority, communication and responsibility and work relations. The players are the employees of the organization; Technology is the techniques and equipments that are used by the players or employees of an organization to achieve desired organizational goal. Leavitt considered goal as â€Å"la raison d’etre† of an organization. Leavitt believed that organizational goal is the rationale that complements the functioning and the existence of the organization. Leavitt believed that these variables lead to organizational change. The core concept model was represented by the strong relation and interdependence between the four variables leading to main consequences: One of the variables can be modified to inflict desirable changes in the other type of variable. The change of one variable may quite possibly lead to some unwanted and unexpected changes in the other variables (Ridley, 2008, p. 301). Researchers related to the field of organizational science and psychology however felt that the theory proposed by Lewin was a little dispersed and may require some modification so that the organizational... The study has been conducted in order to analyze the process of organizational change and development. Organization change can be defined as a transformation phase than an organization goes through when the structure and strategies of an organization is altered. The study looks to describe in the modern day business environment an organization has to go through a process of change not only to gain competitive advantage but also for ht mere survival. The study shows the role of the managers as a change agent. Organizational development can be defined as the answer to the organizational that is conducted to modify the norms, values and attitudes and structure of an organization. There are several inadequate processes of organizational change and development. Some of the essential factors need to be monitored before implanting organizational change within the firm. The present study looks to provide a brief over view of the organizational change and development process. During the course of study organizational change from and individual and organizational perspective has been analyzed. Theoretical and analytical models such as the Lewin’s three sate model, Harold J. Leavitt model of change and also model suggested by model suggested that Jeanne Watson, Ronald Lippit and Bruce Westley; which also happens to be a modified version of the three stage model proposed by Lewin has been presented. Also the process of organizational change implementation has been provided.

Tudors Paper Essay Example for Free

Tudors Paper Essay The English history would not be as it was colorful and interesting today had it not been for the two of the most important icons in the History of United Kingdom: King Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. Their personal life and their political strategies not to mention their contributions to English history is one of the most unparalleled in any time. The royal life had been transmuted to the world of political maneuvers, religious conflict and personal decisions. Henry VIII and Elizabeth I, were not just members of the same Tudor royal clan, more importantly both of them had shaped modern England today. Two leading biographers and historians Garrett Mattingly and Lacey Baldwin Smith, recalled the lives of two monarchs and wrote a biography, in a convention peculiar to their tastes. Other English royal biographers might have treated their works different from the styles of the two, but surely, Mattingly and Baldwin elevated the taste of biographical writing in another playing field. Henry VIII was born on June 28, 1491 from the Tudor family. Elizabeth I, his daughter was born September 7, 1533. Coming from the family of nobility of Welsch, the Tudors reunited the whole of England during their reign. However, their family’s contribution was overshadowed by scandal and impunity. Mackie and Clarendo(1990, p. 190), clearly view the Tudors as the royal family, headed by their predecessors were diplomats of their first rate. They have settled diplomatic relationship with their former enemies and made long lasting truce of peace. The evidence of which is the end of â€Å"War of the Roses†.    This view was kinder tone as a description of the House of Tudors. Historically speaking, during their reign, England made several important decisions for herself but actually personal preferences of her king. Yet, undeniably, the reign of the Tudors was full of their inclinations toward their interests that had strong impact to the national life, religion, system of politics and governance of the entire country. Tudors were not entirely viewed by Mackie, Mattingly, Smith and Garvin. All of them, while had distastes with the rule of each Tudor monarch, none of them actually condemned any sovereign. While Smith has strong words used to chronicle the life of Tudors, most especially King Henry, he left in his spaces room to be defended.   In his book, â€Å"Henry VIII† he said: â€Å"For a king, do like a king; and when Henry learned that James V of Scotland besmirched the role of clean-fingered royalty with the filthy profits of sheep-raising, he warned that such actions cannot stand well with the honour of his estate, and that they would surely cause his subjects to mutter and mutiny. Henry instinctively knew that princes could survive the hatred of their subjects but never their scorn (1971, p. 43). Baldwin never saw Tudors, especially Henry the acclaim accorded to him by other historian-biographers. Henry VIII is the son of Henry VII, the latter being the first monarch in the House of Tudors. It was said that, Henry VIII lived a secluded life in the royal courthouses of the Tudors. He lived outside the confidence of his father’s privies and counselors. His growth as a monarch was characterized by his distinct personal convictions at the expense of his institutions. For instance, the divorce to Catherine of Aragon and the subsequent marriage to Ann Boleyn were the real reasons behind his defection to the Roman Pontiff’s authority. He asserted his royal right in his country and severed the Catholic Churches in England, outside the rule of the Papacy. But this is more personal than a stately decision. The refusal of the Pope to recognize his marital actions, lead him to justify himself and legalize his marital union to Ann Boleyn. However, this decision had made a positive impact to the religious life of the English. Since, the Church of England is under no authority except the king   the Church of England was more open and flexible with in terms of changes and reformation the country has faced. Gavin (1935) had a subtle view, for her the plans of Henry VIII are more nationalistic impression than self-serving act. Gavin relates (p.25) that England is not yet prepared for a woman ruler. Henry VIII has to secure the throne for a male monarch who shall embody the entire nation. For Gavin, unlike Baldwin’s view, her stand on certain royal issues during the late medieval period was more defensive. Unlike Baldwin who used strong indicators of Henry VIII’s mistakes, but were only forborne by the results of his actions, Gavin and Smith had more defensive stance on King Henry’s action. To prove this point, Gavin made this chronicle: Catherine of Aragon, whom he had not chosen himself, failed him: one miscarriage or still-born child succeeded another, and in 1514, after five years of parental misfortune Henryor Wolseypetitioned Leo X to annul the marriage with his brothers wife which another pope had sanctioned, doubting the validity of his own dispensation. Then in 1516 came Mary, who was welcomed, not for her own sake, but as an earnest of the son to follow. No woman had yet reigned in England, and Henry VII had secured the throne, not only by ending a civil war, but by excluding from the throne his mother, from whom he derived whatever hereditary right he possessed. The expected heir never followed Mary, and by 1527 it was certain that Henry VIII would have no legitimate son so long as Catherine remained his wife. He ceased to cohabit, though not to live, with her from that date, and fell a victim to the one grand passion of his life. (p. 25 [italics and undersco re ours]). Note that, Gavin in this excerpt utilized the apologetic language she can use to defend the Tudor Monarch from criticisms. She openly defended the choice of Henry to secure a male heir, because no queen has lead England as sole sovereign. All of the previous queens were just consorts. The subtlety of Gavin as compared to being straightforward of Smith and Smith is evident in her last phrase, ‘victim to the one grand passion of his life’. This statement is but a magnification of her romantic conveyance of an act to justify the king’s directions to justify her marriage and to give religious validity to his separation to the Pope. On another light, Mattingly (1963) had picturesquely described the Tudors, so stately and assertively. Unlike Smith who openly gave emphatic characterization to the Tudors and King Henry, Mattingly gave the scenario with the comments unconsciously buried in the deep of his biography. For her implied diction, she described Elizabeth I, the Tudor, a wise-lady. In the work of Mattingly, Elizabeth I is a strategist than a military chief, a restorer of culture than procter of the land, a compromiser to advance her interest for England mutually than to lead a nation in war. Mattingly had this for a statement:   Elizabeth preferred to have the Spanish bear the burden. To the end, until Spanish guns were heard in the Channel, the English negotiators at Bourbourg were arguing desperately for the solution which seemed to the Queen no more than elementary common sense. Let the King offer his subjects a general amnesty, restore the ancient liberties of the Seventeen Provinces as they had been at the beginning of his fathers reign, and withdraw his troops except for garrisons in the frontier cities. In exchange, the rebellious provinces would return to their allegiance to their legitimate sovereign and declare the Roman Catholic faith the only established religion. Nothing need be said about the toleration of heretic sects (p. 7).   In her words, Elizabeth I,   was still female, she cannot lead a nation to war. But that took her to an advantage. She (Elizabeth) strategize her connections and empowered her military fortresses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The defeat of the Spanish Armada, shocked the entire European kingdoms, the female virgin queen, who had no king consort had defeated the vast naval strength of the Spanish crown, Mattingly described it as Elizabeth’s opportunity to lead the entire England under her own spell, than to be subdued by a foreign king. The efforts and the achievement of Elizabeth I was seen by Mattingly, impliedly as usual courses in the history of her reign. Mattingly gave the comment that, though much celebrated, the defeat of the Spanish Armada should not be seen so heavily as Elizabeth’s legacy. For Mattingly, the defeat of the Spanish people had little or no greater impact to England’s solidarity as a people. Noticeably, unlike Smith or Gavin, Mattingly sees the perspective of common notions of other historians in a different, yet solid view. Note that in the last sentence of this statement, she was convincingly of the belief that Elizabeth’s actions, specifically the defeat of the Spanish Armada, in many ways futile. Mattingly said: It is probable, too, that the victory gave a lift to English morale. It may be that a good many Englishmen, like a good many other Europeans, though not like Elizabeths sea dogs, had doubted that the Spanish could ever be beaten. Now they knew that they could. The thoughtful and the well-informed understood, however, that England had not won a war, only the first battle in a war in which there might be many more battles. England was braced for the struggle. But to say that the defeat of the Spanish Armada led to a sudden outburst of buoyant, self confident patriotism is to read the interpretation of later centuries back into the past. One would search the records of the next two or three years in vain for any specific evidence in support of such a view (p.23)  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it becomes clear that the leaning of Smith was somewhat skeptical if not negative in his narration to the achievement of the Tudors. More so, Smith’s view on King Henry’s creation of the Church of England was seen more personal than nationalistic. Gavin has taken a lighter view, for her, the Tudors and the reign of Henry VIII, needs no less than understanding. These choices made by the King while personal were to secure the succession of the throne and the safety of the English throne. She (Gavin) has taken a more benign stance. On the other hand, Mattingly gave Elizabeth the treatment she portrays. As a woman, she may not have the power to lead the army with dauntless acts but surely she will stage a strategic plan to advance her kingdom’s interests. Mattingly, may not openly be a feminist advocate but her treatment was also fair, yet opposed to the main projection of Elizabeth I, as the pomp, untouchable queen. The latter view of Mattingly is so laid-back compared to Carole Levin’s   (1994) biographical notes on Elizabeth I. She (Levin) openly justified and even sees the reign of Elizabeth, as power struggle of sexes. For Levin the succession of Elizabeth I in the throne is but a clear, manifestation (perhaps the earliest) of the women’s role. During Elizabeth I time, women were subservient to their husbands, but Elizabeth not only transcended her personal tragedies but also penetrated through the norms of domestic views on women to a global and effective female leadership. Thus, her view is to support active gender roles, equality and sex issues. Her concern has a direct leaning, feminist point of view. Levin has this for a chronicle:   Ã‚  A central concern is how gender construction, role expectations, and beliefs about sexuality influenced both Elizabeth’s self-presentation and others perception of her. A crucial question this study examines is how such issues affected the methods of power used by a woman ruler as opposed to the traditional king. The way people regarded a queen and her use of power will also be valuable in answering more general questions about attitudes toward women during the English Renaissance (Levine, p.3).   Ã‚  Ã‚  The sensitivity of Levin to social constructs leads her to be the most gender sensitive of all.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lastly, the epitaphs of these biographers will surely vary. For instance, Smith will describe Henry VIII, as â€Å"The Ruler, whose hands are not tied with anyone†. For his views truly reflect the strong will of King Henry to assert his own beliefs. Mattingly may use the lines â€Å"Here lieth a queen, who reign without fear† as Elizabeth I, epitapth. This is only apt for a queen who defied norms and social expectations. Perhaps it will be the same as Levin’s, â€Å"A Queen who outlived, outwit any Kings on earth†, she would strongly assert it for the same reasons. And lastly, Gavin, who is the most laid back of all of the biographers would name, King Henry’s tomb, engraved in gold, which reads: â€Å"A King who died, and believed his own mind and lived by it†¦Ã¢â‚¬    Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The history, intricacies, scandals of the English monarchy might be totally different from their counterparts in Asia or Middle East. Yet their weaknesses and their personal legends bespeaks of one thing: No person in this earth has walked so glorious to ascribe them the power that belongs to God’s.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   SOURCES Smith, Baldwin L. (1971).   This Realm of England. New York: Houghton-Mifflin Co, Vol. II Levin, Carole. (1994). The Heart and Stomach of a King: Elizabeth I and the Politics of Sex and Power. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press Mattingly, Garret, (1963). The Armada . USA: Cornell University Press Garvin, Katherine. (1935). The Great Tudors. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press

From Communism to Democracy Essays -- Government Politics Essays

From Communism to Democracy More than half a decade has passed since the sweeping political events of 1989 and 1990 in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. On December 26, 1991, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ceased to exist . In its place are the Russian federation and 14 independent countries. The impact of this change was felt across the globe, from European countries with close economic ties with the USSR to countries as far away as Cuba and Algeria. The former republics experienced the hardest time in their existence, and entered a new period of their history. Independence meant a new life for people, but not many of them expected the results. At the time sovereignty was not clearly stated, and nobody could predict what ramifications would follow. The inhabitants of the region have had to balance the positive and negative aspects of the change. Most countries were left with nothing, and they had to start everything from the very beginning. As Shor in Nations in Transit stated, for many, democracy, freedom of association, and the removal of the Soviet bureaucracy have had a positive impact. But economic uncertainty, hunger, and poverty also increased. The former republics struggle to maintain the value of the money and a decent level of life for the citizens, but the attempt to do so is failing. Many branches of the new economy are still socialized, and reforms are necessary to fulfill a change. People think that a change from communism to democracy should bring a better life, but in reality those countries suffer a period of stagnation. There are many causes for such a situation, which are revealed in different aspects of life and history. The principles of communism p... ...nge, than the reality of raw political power. Economic and democratic reforms are complementary and heavily correlated. Countries with consolidated market economies, guided by the rule of law also made progress in consolidating their transition to democracy. A transition from Communism to Democracy means more freedoms and choices, but it also needs time. Political and economic freedom means more predictable, more transparent, more constitutional, less discriminatory, and less corruption-prone lawmaking and enforcement. An authorian government can hardly engage in economic reforms, or undergo a transition to liberal democracy, without simultaneously undergoing free market economic reforms. Author: Valentin Antoci (ed_valentine@hotmail.com) February 1999 Reproduction of the Text without the author's permition is considered plagiarism and is punishable by law. From Communism to Democracy Essays -- Government Politics Essays From Communism to Democracy More than half a decade has passed since the sweeping political events of 1989 and 1990 in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. On December 26, 1991, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ceased to exist . In its place are the Russian federation and 14 independent countries. The impact of this change was felt across the globe, from European countries with close economic ties with the USSR to countries as far away as Cuba and Algeria. The former republics experienced the hardest time in their existence, and entered a new period of their history. Independence meant a new life for people, but not many of them expected the results. At the time sovereignty was not clearly stated, and nobody could predict what ramifications would follow. The inhabitants of the region have had to balance the positive and negative aspects of the change. Most countries were left with nothing, and they had to start everything from the very beginning. As Shor in Nations in Transit stated, for many, democracy, freedom of association, and the removal of the Soviet bureaucracy have had a positive impact. But economic uncertainty, hunger, and poverty also increased. The former republics struggle to maintain the value of the money and a decent level of life for the citizens, but the attempt to do so is failing. Many branches of the new economy are still socialized, and reforms are necessary to fulfill a change. People think that a change from communism to democracy should bring a better life, but in reality those countries suffer a period of stagnation. There are many causes for such a situation, which are revealed in different aspects of life and history. The principles of communism p... ...nge, than the reality of raw political power. Economic and democratic reforms are complementary and heavily correlated. Countries with consolidated market economies, guided by the rule of law also made progress in consolidating their transition to democracy. A transition from Communism to Democracy means more freedoms and choices, but it also needs time. Political and economic freedom means more predictable, more transparent, more constitutional, less discriminatory, and less corruption-prone lawmaking and enforcement. An authorian government can hardly engage in economic reforms, or undergo a transition to liberal democracy, without simultaneously undergoing free market economic reforms. Author: Valentin Antoci (ed_valentine@hotmail.com) February 1999 Reproduction of the Text without the author's permition is considered plagiarism and is punishable by law.

America’s Craving for Desire

Matt Thompson Basic Composition 355:100: G6 Final Draft Paper #5 12/1/10 America’s Craving for Desire The great American author Napoleon Hill once said, â€Å"Desire is the starting point of all achievement, not a hope, not a wish, but a keen pulsating desire which transcends everything. † Hill presents the idea that these desires become the foundation, which in turn creates a power that is superior to the standard. America as a whole has the desire to be better than every other country, even if the consequences are unknown.Americans believe our way of living has put the country above the rest, for our advancements are much greater than the rest. Barbara Kingsolver in â€Å"A Fist in the Eye of God,† explores the theory that America wants to be presented to the world with a positive image, by advancing in every aspect there is to grow in. Kingsolver explains that evolution is the â€Å"greatest show on earth†, as long as the new procedures and advancements are for the common good. Kingsolver argues that ethics should be just as a part of the application and uses of technology as profit.However, Americans also has the desire to stick with what has been practiced for decades. Jack Hitt in â€Å"Dinosaur Dreams: Reading the Bones of America’s Psychic Mascot,† expresses the idea that the Americans’ ambition to seek for supremacy has created the image of the tyrannosaurus rex, due to its dominant stature which represents America. Hitt argues that the image of the tyrannosaurus rex should not be altered because it has been around for generations and in turn has made America into what it is today.The desire to be the best is what creates the almighty ego of America. American exceptionalism, the idea that America is an invincible superpower, dismisses long-term consequences in favor of short-term gain, to currently better the standard of living, which in turn reveals the true image that Americans wish to attain by lookin g at evolution as a way to gain supremacy. The visual representation of America has been created through the ambitions and desires of dominance that Americans have strived for, throughout the centuries. America has always had the desire to e the most efficient and potent country in the world, while other countries attempt to be like America.There is no country like America, for Americans are always one step ahead of the competition: â€Å"dinosaurs are distinctly American, not only because our scholars have so often been at the forefront of fossil discoveries and paleontological theory but because the popular dinosaur is a wholly owned projection of the nationalist psyche of the United States† (Hitt 128). Hitt notes that the tyrannosaurus rex was generated from Americans ambitions and how Americans wanted to see T. ex, for America had basically found most of these dinosaurs through archeological digs. In Hitt’s essay, countries like China tried to make new dinosaurs ba sed off of their own desires, but America quickly shot them down because the image did not accommodate what Americans wanted dinosaurs to be. Hitt explains that through Americans aspirations, America had used the T-rex to create the powerful country that it is today, making the T-rex our mascot. America may be a dominant country compared to other countries, but that does not mean that everything is done in everyone’s best interest.Kingsolver says, â€Å"But I only have to stand still for a minute and watch the outcome of thirty million years’ worth of hummingbird evolution transubstantiated before my eyes into nest and egg to get knocked down to size† (Kinsolver 213). Kingsolver presents the idea that America can get to the stature it wants to be by following the example of the hummingbird, as the hummingbird has done just fine by itself over the billions of years without technology. Kingsolver explains that America is efficient like a hummingbird, but ultimatel y gets to that desired efficiency through an unethical approach.America’s desires are achieved by profit, not by a careful and methodical approach to make American’s lives better. Many countries look down upon the power hungry country that America aspires to be, for almost everything that Americans have made has been through the advancements of technology. Kingsolver says that many products that make America efficient are banned in other countries, as the effects of the products are unknown. America has the image of a dominant and sometimes unethical nation, which has been created and developed by the visual ideas of Americans over time.The dreamers of America have a similar projection of what America should look like to the rest of the world, but each has different desires to make that projection relevant. The traditionalists of America wish to gain the reputation of the most powerful country by holding firm to the original beliefs and culture that America has created , while the evolutionists hope to show their power through the progression of technology and advancements. Progression is what makes the world go round because if the world doesn’t develop, many civilizations wouldn’t be here today.Kingsolver says that, â€Å"this is our new magic bullet: We can move single genes around in a genome to render a specific trait that nature can’t put there, such as ultrarapid growth or vitamin A in rice† (Kingsolver 209). Genetic engineering has allowed Americans to expand on their desires and make them the best, for things like Bt corn and Monsanto can be created through this process. Kingsolver explains that while many countries like to stick with tradition, America generally accepts the separation from tradition, in order to better themselves through technology.In turn, Americans believes that the evolution of technology, presents a positive image to the world and how everyone else strives to become like America. Unlike th e anti-traditional Americans in Kingsolver’s essay, the Americans described in Hitt’s essay, believe that tradition is the foundation that creates America’s power. Hitt says, â€Å"we eat dinosaurs and they eat us. We partake in their dinosaurness, they partake of our humanness† (Hitt 131). Hitt explains that through America’s aspirations, the dinosaur has become America and America has become the dinosaur, since America has followed and studied them more than any other country.America encourages the practice of learning about dinosaurs because it has uncovered the truth about America and our persistent selves. America has the desire to be the best and the tyrannosaurus rex, in the minds of the world, is the best for it is seen as a dominant creature to all. Hitt states that America is comfortable and content with the old image of the dinosaur, especially the tyrannosaurus rex because it is what the Americans before us believed it to be. If America were to progress forward with the new image, the unappealing image, the hummingbird, would be the new face of America and the more attractive image, the T. ex, would be left behind; creating confusion for the old image created the modern superpower of America. However, America must strive toward evolution and progression because staying with tradition would hinder America’s chance to become the stature that Americans desire. Once America’s ambitions of supremacy are fulfilled, America accepts the world as superficial, while losing sight of reality, leaving it never to be found. Americans realize that America is above the rest, so many naively think there is no need to change anything, for the power that has been desired, has been achieved.With this irrational thinking, there are long and short-term consequences that can affect us now and even the Americans after us, when many of us are long gone. Kingsolver says, â€Å"the potential human ills caused by ingestion of engineered foods remain an open category† (Kingsolver 210). Kingsolver explains that America ignores the consequences, as long as the technology and practices being used are beneficial to Americans needs and aspirations. These new foods, technology, etc. an end up harming Americans and foreign countries that get these distributions, because we don’t have enough research on these new inventions before each and every one of them is given out to the public. America can begin to lose touch with reality, as everything that is created around them is genetically engineered to fit the image of America’s desires, to make us more efficient. While there are consequences that can physically harm Americans, there are also consequences to American’s mentality. Hitt says, â€Å"These are all intriguing hypotheses, but the fossils do not give us enough evidence to test whether any of them are correct.The mystery remains unresolved† (Hitt 137). Hitt states that the images and thought processes of America become the norm when everyone sees things in the same way. Americans believe scientist, researches, etc. without the real knowledge of the subject because it is what has been practiced for centuries. For example, the tyrannosaurus rex was made to fit the bill of America’s brute strength, and in turn it became the mascot of America. America accepts the image of the tyrannosaurus rex because this practice of dinosaurs is what America wants to see.Hitt explains that the desires to see that tyrannosaurus rex as a powerful creature that represents America, leaves America with short and long term consequences. In Hitt’s essay, he shows that Americans become scientifically illiterate for man does not know the true facts about the world before him. Americans don’t dig deep enough in finding the real truth and in reality, only scratches the surface to find something that is appealing to them. Consequently, the real truths of the wo rld become lost over time.Through America’s exceptionalsim, their desires cause unintended repercussions that will soon expose America to the est of the world. Desires are an inclination to attain something that men and women want to achieve in his or her lifetime. Americans aspires to be the best and most powerful country in the nation, leaving the rest behind. America has its own image that it has created and how it is to be viewed by the nation. America creates this representation through the process of evolution and tradition. Through evolution, like genetic engineering, America makes advances through technology to make a higher standard for living, while the practice of tradition allows Americans to portray images in a way that is desired.While Americans accept the advancements that makes America the way that it is, there some short and long term consequences that can negatively affect America. Most of the consequences are unknown to Americans, for concise research was n ot done to many products given to Americans. Desires can bring many consequences, but in reality, many Americans would not be living if America did not aspire to be the best and raise our standard of technology.

Roles Of The Art Director In Film Film Studies Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3077 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? ABSTRACT Art director is having one of the most important job in an film. Art direction can be similar to snowboarding or sky diving. The essence of the activity is mainly on the way in which ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s done. Art direction is an action figure in film making. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Roles Of The Art Director In Film Film Studies Essay" essay for you Create order The art director is the one who renders the script in visual metaphors, location , color schemes costumes hair style and make up. An art director is the one who draws us in to sinful lust. They will invigorate us. They will sleepless nights with a horror film and keep us laughing for days with a comedy film. This dissertation attempts to study the influence of art direction in 3D movies. It attempts to claim that art direction is very important and necessary in a film. Art director is an important post in live action films. An art director should have good creative and management skills.But when it comes to Cg films art director is not having much importance and movies like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"UPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is not having any art director. One of the most difficult problem the art director Rfaces is to put together everything and to make sure that it creates the mood contrast features and I appealing to the viewers. This study will attempt to make it simpler through a thorough understanding of art direction in animation INTRODUCTION The film we see today is a group work of many people. We cannot say any one is individually responsible for the success or failure of a film. We can say art direction plays a very important role in translating words in to screen. An art director is the one who is largely responsible for the look of the film. Art direction is helping in everything in the film including construction to ensure everything goes smoothly Art direction is a big part that helps the movie to get its identity. A normal movie will not be unforgettable to the viewer but great script and great production values and surely good art direction can make the movie unforgettable. There is a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"lookà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"feelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for every movie. But art direction only cannot make a bad movie great but great art direction can make a really good looking bad film. RESEARCH QUESTIONS The research questions that will be answered in this session Qualitative 1. What is art direction? 2. What are the different types of art direction? 3. How art directions influence movies in overall appearance? 4. What are the different style and steps to be applied in art direction? 5. How does a good art direction can change an animated film? AIM To study the role of art direction in 3D movies OBJECTIVES Methods of creating sets of popular art direction. Various styles in making an effective art direction Difference in the styles of art direction in 3D and live action. Difference in the style of art in different geners STATEMENT OF A PROBLEM At present animated movies doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t focus much on art direction. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY Art direction is one of the important part of every movie. At present the directors of animated movies even animated short film does in give much importance in short film. My study helps to understand about the importance of art direction in short film and thereby improving the quality of the short film LITERATURE REVIEW Art direction is an integral part in every movie. We have seen great looking movies that brought us the feel of the movie. Many artists do different works in a movie but art director unifies everything. In order to know more about art direction and art direction in animation a lot of books and articles has to be referred Books and articles The art direction handbook published on 2005. written by Michael rizzo: This book gives a detailed description of preproduction in a film. It also gives us information about responsibilities relations and setup and the techniques used in art direction. It involves all the duties of the direction from postproduction to pre-production The education an art director published on 2006 edited by Steven Heller: this book answers many questions like can art direction be taught? Can anyone be art director? Are all directors alike? Is an art director an editor? Is art direction design? And similar things. The art of the lion king written by Christopher finch: this book has the sketches used in the movie lion king and also some of the details of art direction in the movie which will help to analyse art direction with the help of a movie example The film makers guide to production design published on 2002 written by Vincent Lobrutto: this book mentions about production design and visualisation of a screenplay. It is having information about design metaphors, research and information about colours and texture. Its also having information about everything in the film like budget pre-production and post-production Websites About art direction in a film (https://www.ehow.com/about_4571288_art-direction-film.html) Accessed on 27 -09-2009: this website give the basic information of art directions and the significance functions and importance of art direction Art director- film makers guide( https://www.wildsound-filmmaking-feedback-events.com/art_director.html) ) Accessed on 27 -09-2009: this websites has information about the duties of an art director. It also have information about character design set design and props design. Art direction in movies(https://www.ehow.com/video_4990616_art-direction-movies.html) Accessed on 27 -09-2009: This is a video in which tells more about what is art direction and the role of art direction in movies. Art direction v/s cinematography v/s film editing(https://recomparison.com/comparisons/100963/art-direction-vs-cinematography-vs-film-editing-who-does-what/) Accessed on 27 -09-2009: this site gives the difference between art direction cinematography and film editing. It also tells about purpose of everything RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The dissertation is that of qualitative and quantitative in the study of the topic à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“importance of art direction in 3D animationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? This research will include book, web pages and secondary information. This research will explore about the entire details of art direction Different methods of creating art direction will be explored which will helps to learn more about different styles so that the best for animation can be selected from those  ­Various stages in making effective art direction sequence is studied thoroughly to get a through knowledge of the process of art direction Difference between the styles of art direction in live and 3D animation is studied and also between the different genres. This will give an in depth knowledge of art direction A survey will also be conducted about the reasons of liking a 3D movie and the reasons and also about the influence of colours in the film Scope This study will help to apply art direction in animation movies in an effective way which can dramatically improve the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"lookà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"feelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of the movie and thereby dramatically improve the quality of the movie. Limitations This study is limited to 3D animation only and this topic is not studied much before so availability of books and articles is much less Sampling Judgement sampling is used for my survey because the topic is technical and people who knows about art direction can only give sufficient amount of information ART DIRECTION-A BRIEF HISTORY All production designers are art directors, and formerly, there were noproduction designers at all there were only art directors. In earliest filmmemory, the first creative moviemaker to be given the title of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“art directorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?was Wilfred Buckland à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“By 1916 when Photoplay (magazine)commented on the rise of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"artistic executive or art director,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ WilfredBuckland had already been working for Cecile B. de Mille and Paramountsince 1914 and would continue to 1927.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?2Previously, he had designed Broadway theatrical productions, andlater for the fledgling movie business developed a form of minimalist, a Carravaggio-like lighting that engulfed the characters in darkness exceptfor a single source of side illumination. This dramatic theatrical effect quickly became a silent film trademark known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Lasky lighting,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? after theproduction company that made The Cheat (1915), his most successful f ilm. It was also one of Cecil B. DeMilleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s masterpieces, shotin Standard 35mm spherical 1.37:1 format, combining all the ingredients typical of the infamous DeMille style à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a mixture of sex, sadism, and sacrifice,washed down with lurid melodrama.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? ( Michael rizzo 2005) Bucklandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lighting contributions were groundbreaking. Two signature scenes in the filmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ the branding of the heroine by her wealthy Japanese paramour and the subsequent shooting scene are lit with such theatrical richness and integrity that our attention is just as adroitly manipulated today as it was during its initial release. This early maverickà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s scenic designs created an equally powerful toured force for film-going audiences in the early twenties. Towering 40 feet above Santa Monica Boulevard and La Brea Avenue, King Richardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s castle, the center piece for Douglas Fairbankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Robin Hood (1922), is arguably the largest set ever constructed in Hollywood history. It took 500 workmen three solid months to build. Considering Los Angeles was more of a wide spot in the road then, the silhouette of the completed castle set could be seen for miles. It exemplified W. Bucklandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s penchant for creating extravagant, naturalistic sets, and it attests to his flair and flexibility as an early art Michael rizzo, The art direction handbook first edition published on 2005. director. Allan Dwan, director and trained engineer, recalled, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“We worked out a couple of interesting engineering stunts for the big sets. On the interiors, the walls meshed together with a matrix, which we designed and built,so they could be put together rapidly in sections. The interior of the castle was very vast too big to light with ordinary arcs. We didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have enough. It was an open set, and certain sections were blacked out to give the right atmosphere. So to light them we constructed huge tin reflectors, about twenty feet across, which picked up the sun and shot the light back onto the arches inside. Then we could make effects.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?4 This set was larger than life in all ways from the completion of the steel-frame, reinforced, working drawbridge, signifying the end of set construction, to the fact that the shooting of the film on its massive sets was a big tourist attractionthe magic of the Dream Factory continues to stir our imagination s ( Michael rizzo 2005) Under the steady but tumultuous employ of Cecil B. De Mille, Buckland was a prolific film designerWilliam Cameron Menzies.Incidentally, as supervising art director Buckland ran the art department for Robin Hood overseeing Anton Grot and William Cameron Menzies, not credited as assistant art directors. The practical vision of Buckland, the little-known Hollywood art director and initiator of the use of controlled lighting within studio environments, set a standard in the first decades of the twentieth century that has become as commonplace as shooting film sequences in Hollywood sound stages today. He stands as an art direct giant; his creative ingenuity ennobles the craft of film design even now. The stills shown here illustrate the enormous sense of theatricality belying his earlier, formative years in New York City. His exuberance for designing these impressive, interior castle shots matches that of the swashbucklingstar and sole producer of the film, Douglas Fairbank( Michael rizz o 2005) Michael rizzo, The art direction handbook first edition published on 2005. Past Changes The function and title of art direction continued into the next decades before the landscape of the art department was changed forever. Since Bucklandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s inauguration, Hollywoodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s creative visual managers were simply called art directors. Each of the existing studios including 20th Century Fox, Columbia Pictures, Paramount Pictures, Metro-Goldwyn Mayer, and Warner Brothers contained stables of art directors overseen by a supervising art department head. The paradigm shift began in 1939 during the Golden Age of the American Studio System. William Cameron Menzies, having grown up under Bucklandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s tutelage, set a new standard for visual excellence by mapping the film epic, Gone With the Wind, with detailed concept sketches and storyboards, and adamantly insisting on using them as guides for shooting the film. David O. Selznick, the filmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s producer, rewarded Menziesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ efforts of managing every detailed asp ect of GWTW from a visual standpoint by crediting him with the title of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“production designer.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? By the way, GWTW was art directed by Lyle R. Wheeler and set decorated by Edward G. Boyle. ( Michael rizzo 2005) This distinction continues to the present. Regardless, the titles continue to be blurred. One logical reason is that the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences annually presents an Oscar for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Best Art Direction for a Film,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? never having taken the leap to make the correction. Another explanation reminds us that the television industry has consistently maintained the original label for the designer as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“art director.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Despite the confusion of terms between industries, one fact remains: two different titles refer to two separate job descriptionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ plain and simple. When in Hollywood, speak specifically. ( Michael rizzo 2005) Michael rizzo, The art direction handbook first edition published on 2005. Present changes Several years ago, the Art Directorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Guild in Los Angeles was in a minor uproar when the title of our union, Local 876, had come up for review and subsequent vote by the membership. As we have just seen, the battle of whoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s who had gone on intermittently in an informal way during the many years since Hollywoodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Golden Age. A handful of committed members called for a formal discussion and vote to resolve the squabbling for a truly descriptive title for the Guild, once and for all. After a lengthy debate, the name of the art directorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ union was changed from Society of Motion Picture and Television Art Directors to LOCAL 800 ART DIRECTORS GUILD SCENIC, TITLE AND GRAPHIC ARTISTS or, The Art Directorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Guild, informally. Holding title in a designing capacity or not, art directors continue to occupy a vital place within the context of cinemaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s creative operatives. Formally being called an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“art directorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? now more than ever personally connects us to our glorious past and reminds us of our historic roots without pretension.( Michael rizzo 2005) Michael rizzo, The art direction handbook first edition published on 2005. Chapter 5 Responsibilities and relationships art director Responsibilities The main responsibility of the art director is to take care of the visual aspects of on screen as well as printed media. The process of visualisation is being over seen by the art director in a variety of communication problem. All art directors even though they are specialised in a particular field must be good not only in design and illustration but photography computers, research etc so that they can interact with all the workers under him He is the one who keeps track on scheduling and budgeting. An art director gives instructions to the art department co-ordinator and the lead man. The art director is also in touch with the departments such as construction, transportation, location and special effects. Art directors start their work two or three month before the production of the film. Art directors start their work on the sets of the shots that are going to be shot first as soon as the schedule is decided. The script is studied thoroughly to know what the essential are props needed in the shots and they are designed according to that. The sketches and plans for the set are drawn so that they can be given to the construction managers and their teams for reference. One important part of art directorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s work is trouble shooting. They find cost effective solutions for constructing and decoration problems. They work closely with the relevant department from the stage of preproduction itself if some special effects or visual effects r there in the movie. They are responsible for the use of any vehicles and animals in the movie. Sometimes the raw materials needed for construction may not be available so they need to adjust with whatever raw materials is available at the present situations. Safety is another important concern of an art director he must make sure that all the workers under him are safe when working in dangerous and hazardous situations Relationships Historically, the art department is seen as the imagery hub of film production More than this, it also exists as the central department providing a strategic guide for all crewmembers in their respective departments. As keeper of the visual concept, the art department has creatively inspired and monitored all related activities for decades. Head accountant and staff- an art director should be in good relation with the accountant so that money is easily available without any delays Locations Manager and Staff- Another early arrival in the pre-production phase is the locations manager. Logistics is what cements your relationship the locations finally chosen to satisfy the design concept, the schedule of in-and-out movement at a location, access and parking, and strict adherence to what can and cannot be physically done are some of the issues both will face together. Much like the art director, the locations manager is the first to arrive and the last to leave any and all given locations. UPM, Production Supervisor, and Production Office Staff- The bulk of your interdepartmental marketing efforts are exercised with the production office, the other nerve center of film production. All final decisions are made in this office. Your goal as an effective art department manager with the UPM, production supervisor, and production office coordinator is to provide good offensive support. First Assistant Director and Staff-The influence of a good art director should be felt everywhere at once. Unfortunately, the shooting crew and its activity on a hot set are not an art directorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s legitimate domain; the first assistant director, the second assistant director, and the second-second assistant director will continuously remind you of that fact. Regardless, you need to do your job despite any restrictions; acknowledging the domain status of the 1st AD is key to working within those restrictions. Pre-visualization Supervisor and Staff The advent of 3D animation and how it has affected the design landscape has forced film designers to rethink the process of matching human and animation film elements seamlessly into the visual fabric of filmmaking. A reluctant respect now governs this young relationship between the art department and visual effects folks. It cannot properly function as an adversarial one because our quickly advancing technology is forcing a paradigm shift. The marriage of minds to create a singular vision has arrived and with it, a rethinking of boundaries. Essential knowledge and skills A good art director should be an expert in interior design and architecture